Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Cellular Aspects of Catecholaminergic Neurons

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Terminology
2 Historical Developments
2.1 Identification of the Sympathetic Transmitter
2.2 Tissue Receptors
2.3 Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions
2.4 Biochemical Mechanisms
3 Distribution and Storage of Catecholamines
3.1 Tissue Distribution
3.2 Cellular Distribution of Catecholamines
3.3 Subcellular Distribution
3.4 Quantitative Aspects of Transmitter Distribution
3.5 Summary
4 Enzymes Involved in Catecholamine Metabolism
4.1 Biosynthetic Ezymes
4.2 Degradative Enzymes
4.3 Regulation of Catecholamine Turnover
4.4 Summary
5 Release and Inactivation of Catecholamines
5.1 Quantal Liberation of Transmitter by Exocytosis
5.2 Inactivation of Transmitter
5.3 Circulating Catecholamines and Dopamine β‐hydroxy lase
6 Adrenotropic Receptors
6.1 Classification of Adrenotropic Receptors
6.2 Receptor Topography
6.3 Receptor Composition
7 Life Cycle of Noradrenergic Synaptic Vesicles
7.1 Origin of Vesicles Within Noradrenergic Neurons
7.2 Turnover and Fate of Synaptic Vesicles
7.3 Topochemical Model of Noradrenergic Transmission
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Noradrenaline assays. Phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), 14C (*).

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Fluorescence histochemistry of sympathetic neurons, × 6,000. Top: cell bodies and processes in section of rat lumbar ganglion. Bottom: whole stretch mount of rat iris showing varicose nerve terminals innervating smooth muscle of iris and blood vessel.

Courtesy T. B. Cheah, unpublished observations
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Horizontal representation of ascending noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways in the rat brain. Not shown are adrenergic pathways that arise from the rostral portions of A1 and A2 265.

From Livett 355 modified from Ungerstedt 511
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Electron micrographs of sympathetic axon terminals innervating smooth muscle, × 66,000. Top: section of cat spleen fixed in osmic acid. Bottom: freeze‐etch replica of mouse vas deferens. Smooth muscle (SM) Schwann cell (SCH), axon (A), large vesicle (LV), small vesicle (SV), collagen (COL)

Courtesy A. Ostberg and D. Devine 208
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Pathway of catecholamine synthesis showing enzymes and cofactors involved: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dihydropteridine reductase (DPR), L‐aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), S‐adenosylmethionine (S‐Am), S‐adenosylhomocysteine (S‐Ah).

Figure 6. Figure 6.

Immunohistochemical localization of transmitter‐synthesizing enzymes in brainstem neurons. Top: immunoperoxidase localization of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Courtesy V. Pickel, unpublished observations. Bottom: immunofluorescent localization of dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Courtesy B. Hartmann, unpublished observations
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Pathway of noradrenaline (NA) catabolism showing the enzymes involved: catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde reductase (AR), normetadrenaline (NM), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethylglycol (MOPEG).

Figure 8. Figure 8.

Electron micrograph of sympathetic nerve terminals in rat vas deferens showing fusion of membranes of synaptic vesicles (cored at ↑ and empty at ↦) with axonal membrane. × 160,000.

From Fillenz 189
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Hypothetical life cycle of noradrenergic synaptic vesicles. Vesicle proteins (+) are synthesized by ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum (rer) of the cell body and assembled into large granular vesicles (lgv) in the Golgi endoplasmic reticulum (ger). These vesicles can synthesize and store noradrenaline (•) and are exported into the axon terminals by an axoplasmic transport system involving neurotubules (nt). The large granular vesicles are transformed into small granular vesicles in the axon varicosities in one of three hypothetical ways: A, large granular vesicles are gradually transformed into small granular vesicles as a result of repetitive exocytosis with progressive loss of vesicle constituents, including membrane proteins such as DBH; B, large granular vesicles undergo a single exocytosis, releasing soluble proteins from their cores only and forming multiple small granular vesicles from their retrieved membranes; C, small granular vesicles are formed locally from large granular vesicles by budding, or some other form of transfer of contents, and are the only vesicles involved in exocytosis.

From Geffen & Rush 213
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Topochemical model of noradrenergic transmission showing pathways involved in the synthesis, storage, release, reception, and inactivation of noradrenaline. Chromogranin (CG), normetadrenaline (NM), noradrenaline (NA). See text for remaining abbreviations.



Figure 1.

Noradrenaline assays. Phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), 14C (*).



Figure 2.

Fluorescence histochemistry of sympathetic neurons, × 6,000. Top: cell bodies and processes in section of rat lumbar ganglion. Bottom: whole stretch mount of rat iris showing varicose nerve terminals innervating smooth muscle of iris and blood vessel.

Courtesy T. B. Cheah, unpublished observations


Figure 3.

Horizontal representation of ascending noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways in the rat brain. Not shown are adrenergic pathways that arise from the rostral portions of A1 and A2 265.

From Livett 355 modified from Ungerstedt 511


Figure 4.

Electron micrographs of sympathetic axon terminals innervating smooth muscle, × 66,000. Top: section of cat spleen fixed in osmic acid. Bottom: freeze‐etch replica of mouse vas deferens. Smooth muscle (SM) Schwann cell (SCH), axon (A), large vesicle (LV), small vesicle (SV), collagen (COL)

Courtesy A. Ostberg and D. Devine 208


Figure 5.

Pathway of catecholamine synthesis showing enzymes and cofactors involved: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dihydropteridine reductase (DPR), L‐aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), S‐adenosylmethionine (S‐Am), S‐adenosylhomocysteine (S‐Ah).



Figure 6.

Immunohistochemical localization of transmitter‐synthesizing enzymes in brainstem neurons. Top: immunoperoxidase localization of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Courtesy V. Pickel, unpublished observations. Bottom: immunofluorescent localization of dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Courtesy B. Hartmann, unpublished observations


Figure 7.

Pathway of noradrenaline (NA) catabolism showing the enzymes involved: catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde reductase (AR), normetadrenaline (NM), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethylglycol (MOPEG).



Figure 8.

Electron micrograph of sympathetic nerve terminals in rat vas deferens showing fusion of membranes of synaptic vesicles (cored at ↑ and empty at ↦) with axonal membrane. × 160,000.

From Fillenz 189


Figure 9.

Hypothetical life cycle of noradrenergic synaptic vesicles. Vesicle proteins (+) are synthesized by ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum (rer) of the cell body and assembled into large granular vesicles (lgv) in the Golgi endoplasmic reticulum (ger). These vesicles can synthesize and store noradrenaline (•) and are exported into the axon terminals by an axoplasmic transport system involving neurotubules (nt). The large granular vesicles are transformed into small granular vesicles in the axon varicosities in one of three hypothetical ways: A, large granular vesicles are gradually transformed into small granular vesicles as a result of repetitive exocytosis with progressive loss of vesicle constituents, including membrane proteins such as DBH; B, large granular vesicles undergo a single exocytosis, releasing soluble proteins from their cores only and forming multiple small granular vesicles from their retrieved membranes; C, small granular vesicles are formed locally from large granular vesicles by budding, or some other form of transfer of contents, and are the only vesicles involved in exocytosis.

From Geffen & Rush 213


Figure 10.

Topochemical model of noradrenergic transmission showing pathways involved in the synthesis, storage, release, reception, and inactivation of noradrenaline. Chromogranin (CG), normetadrenaline (NM), noradrenaline (NA). See text for remaining abbreviations.

References
 1. Ahlquist, R. P. A study of the adrenotropic receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 153: 586–600, 1948.
 2. Alberci, M., A. Rodríguez De Lores, and E. De Robertis. Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase in nerve endings of rat brain. Life Sci. 4: 1951–1960, 1965.
 3. Alousi, A., and N. Weiner. The regulation of norepinephrine synthesis in sympathetic nerves: effect of nerve stimulation, cocaine, and catecholamine releasing agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 56: 1491–1496, 1966.
 4. Andén, N. E., A. Dahlström, K. Fuxe, K. Larson, L. Olson, and U. Ungerstedt. Ascending monoamine neurons to the telencephalon and diencephalon. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 313–326, 1966.
 5. Andén, N. E., K. Fuxe, B. Hamberger, and T. Hokfelt. A quantitative study on the nigro‐neostriatal dopamine neuron system in rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 306–312, 1966.
 6. Andén, N. E., T. Magnusson, and E. Rosengren. Occurrence of dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase in nerves of the spinal cord and sympathetically innervated organs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64: 127–135, 1965.
 7. Anderson, P. J., and A. D'iorio. Purification and properties of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 1943–1949, 1968.
 8. Andersson, R. Role of cyclic AMP and Ca++ in the metabolic and relaxing effects of catecholamines in intestinal smooth muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand. 85: 312–322, 1972.
 9. Andersson, R., and K. Nilsson. Cyclic AMP and calcium in relaxation in intestinal smooth muscle. Nature New Biol. 238: 119–120, 1972.
 10. Andersson, R., and E. Mohme‐Lundholm. Metabolic actions in intestinal smooth muscle associated with relaxation mediated by adrenergic α and β receptors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 79: 244–261, 1970.
 11. Angeletti, R. H., P. U. Angeletti, and R. Levi‐Montalcini. Selective accumulation of (125I) labelled nerve growth factor in sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res. 46: 421–425, 1972.
 12. Assicot, M., and C. Bohuon. Production of antibodies to catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) of rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18: 1893–1898, 1969.
 13. Assicot, M., and C. Bohuon. Purification and studies of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase of rat liver. European J. Biochem. 12: 490–495, 1970.
 14. Austin, L., B. G. Livett, and I. W. Chubb. Biosynthesis of noradrenaline in sympathetic nervous tissue. Circulation Res. 21, Suppl. III: 111–117, 1967.
 15. Avakian, V. M., and B. A. Callingham. An effect of adrenalectomy on catecholamine metabolism. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 33: 211–212, 1968.
 16. Axelrod, J. Purification and properties of phenylethanol‐ amine‐N‐methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 1657–1660, 1962.
 17. Axelrod, J. Methylation reactions in the formation and metabolism of catecholamines and other biogenic amines. Pharmacol. Rev. 18: 95–113, 1966.
 18. Axelrod, J., and C. K. Cohn. Methyltransferase enzymes in red blood cells. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 176: 650–654, 1971.
 19. Axelrod, J., and R. Tomchick. Enzymatic O‐methylation of epinephrine and other catechols. J. Biol. Chem. 233: 702–705, 1958.
 20. Axelrod, J., and E. S. Vesell. Heterogeneity of N‐ and O‐methyl transferase. Mol. Pharmacol. 6: 78–84, 1970.
 21. Axelrod, J., H. Weil‐Malherbe, and R. Tomchick. The physiological disposition of H3‐norepinephrine and its metabolite metanephrine. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 127: 251–256, 1959.
 22. Bagchi, S. P., and E. P. Zarycki. Formation of catecholamines from phenylalanine in brain — effects of chlorpromazine and Catron. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 1353–1368, 1973.
 23. Banks, P. A Study of the Biochemical Pharmacology of the Chromaffin Cell (Ph.D. thesis). Oxford: Univ. of Oxford, 1964.
 24. Banks, P. An interaction between chromaffin granules and calcium ions. Biochem. J. 101: 18C–20C, 1966.
 25. Banks, P., K. Kapeller, and D. Mayor. The effect of iproniazid and reserpine on the accumulation of granular vesicles and noradrenaline in constricted adrenergic nerves. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 37: 10–18, 1969.
 26. Banks, P., D. Mangnall, and D. Mayor. The re‐distribution of cytochrome oxidase, noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphatase in adrenergic nerves constricted at two points. J. Physiol. London 200: 745–762, 1969.
 27. Banks, P., and D. Mayor. Intra‐axonal transport in noradrenergic neurones in the sympathetic nervous system. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 36: 133–149, 1973.
 28. Barger, G., and H. H. Dale. Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines. J. Physiol. London 41: 19–59, 1910.
 29. Baumgartner, H., H. Winkler, and H. Hörtnagl. Isolated chromaffin granules: maintenance of ATP content during incubation at 31°C. European J. Pharmacol. 22: 102–104, 1973.
 30. Becker, E. J., and F. Kreuzer. Catecholamine excretion by the healthy adult human. Pfluegers Arch. European J. Physiol. 316: 95–113, 1970.
 31. Belleau, B., and J. Burba. Occupancy of adrenergic receptors and inhibition of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase by tropolones. J. Med. Chem. 6: 755–759, 1963.
 32. Belpaire, F., and P. Laduron. Tissue fractionation and catecholamines. I. Latency and activation properties of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in adrenal medulla. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 411–421, 1968.
 33. Benfey, B. G. Lack of relationship between myocardial cyclic AMP concentration and inotropic effects of sympathomimetic amines. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 43: 757–763, 1971.
 34. Benitez, H. H., E. B. Masurovsky, and M. R. Murray. Interneurons of the sympathetic ganglia, in organotypic culture. A suggestion as to their function, based on three types of study. J. Neurocytol. 3: 363–384, 1974.
 35. Benitez, H. H., M. R. Murray, and L. J. Cote. Responses of sympathetic chain‐ganglia isolated in organotypic culture to agents affecting adrenergic neurons: fluorescence histochemistry. Exptl. Neurol. 39: 424–448, 1973.
 36. Bennett, M. R. Autonomic neuromuscular transmission. In: Monographs of the Physiological Society No. 30. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1972, p. 1–274.
 37. Bennett, T., G. Burnstock, J. L. S. Cobb, and T. Malmfors. An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the short‐term effects of 6‐hydroxydopamine on adrenergic nerves in the domestic fowl. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 38: 802–809, 1970.
 38. Bernard, C. Leçons sur les Effets des Substances Toxiques et Medicamenteuses. Paris, 1857.
 39. Berneis, K. H., A. Pletscher, and M. Da Prada. Phase separation in solutions of noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphate: influence of bivalent cations and drugs. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 39: 382–389, 1970.
 40. Bertler, A., N. A. Hillarp, E. Rosengren, and A. Torp. Dopamine and chromaffin cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 47: 251–258, 1959.
 41. Bevan, J. A., G. B. Chesher, and C. Su. Release of adrenergic transmitter from terminal nerve plexus in artery. Agents Actions 1: 20–26, 1969.
 42. Bigelow, L. B., W. Dairman, H. Weil‐Malherbe, and S. Udenfriend. Increased synthesis of catecholamines and their metabolites following the administration of phenoxybenzamine. Mol. Pharmacol. 5: 565–571, 1969.
 43. Birnbaumer, L., and M. Rodbell. Adenyl cyclase in fat cells. I. Hormone receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 244: 3477–3482, 1969.
 44. Bisby, M. A., and M. Fillenz. The storage of endogenous noradrenaline in sympathetic nerve terminals. J. Physiol. London 215: 163–179, 1971.
 45. Bisby, M. A., M. Fillenz, and A. D. Smith. Evidence for the presence of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in both populations of noradrenaline storage vesicles in sympathetic nerves. J. Neurochem. 20: 245–248, 1973.
 46. Björklund, A., L. Cegrell, B. Falck, M. Ritzén, and E. Rosengren. Dopamine‐containing cells in sympathetic ganglia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 78: 334–338, 1970.
 47. Björklund, A., B. Ehinger, and B. Falck. A method for differentiating dopamine from noradrenaline in tissue sections by microspectrofluorometry. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 16: 263–270, 1968.
 48. Björklund, A., and U. Stenevi. Growth of central catecholamine neurones into smooth muscle grafts in the rat mesencephalon. Brain Res. 31: 1–20, 1971.
 49. Björklund, A., and U. Stenevi. Nerve growth factor: stimulation of regenerative growth of central noradrenergic neurons. Science 175: 1251–1253, 1972.
 50. Black, I. B., I. Hendry, and L. L. Iversen. Differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal. Nature 231: 27–29, 1971.
 51. Black, I. B., I. A. Hendry, and L. L. Iversen. Trans‐synaptic regulation of growth and development of adrenergic neurones in a mouse sympathetic ganglion. Brain Res. 34: 229–240, 1971.
 52. Black, I. B., I. A. Hendry, and L. L. Iversen. Effects of surgical decentralization and nerve growth factor on the maturation of adrenergic neurons in a mouse sympathetic ganglion. J. Neurochem. 19: 1367–1377, 1972.
 53. Black, I. B., I. A. Hendry, and L. L. Iversen. The role of postsynaptic neurones in the biochemical maturation of presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals in a mouse sympathetic ganglion. J. Physiol. London 221: 149–159, 1972.
 54. Blakeley, A. G., G. L. Brown, and L. B. Geffen. Uptake and reuse of sympathetic transmitter in the cat spleen. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 174: 51–68, 1969.
 55. Blaschko, H. The specific action of L‐Dopa decarboxylase. J. Physiol. London 96: 50–51, 1939.
 56. Blaschko, H. The natural history of amine oxidases. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 70: 84–148, 1974.
 57. Blaschko, H., R. S. Comline, F. H. Schneider, M. Silver, and A. D. Smith. Secretion of a chromaffin granule protein, chromogranin, from the adrenal gland after splanchnic stimulation. Nature 215: 58–59, 1967.
 58. Blaschko, H., J. M. Hagen, and P. Hagen. Mitochondrial enzymes and chromaffin granules. J. Physiol. London 139: 316–322, 1957.
 59. Blaschko, H., and K. B. Helle. Interaction of soluble protein fractions from bovine adrenal medullary granules with adrenaline and adenosine triphosphate. J. Physiol. London 169: 120, 1963.
 60. Blaschko, H., D. Richter, and H. Schlossmann. The inactivation of adrenaline. J. Physiol. London 90: 1–19, 1937.
 61. Blaschko, H., D. Richter, and H. Schlossmann. Oxidation of adrenaline and other amines. Biochem. J. 31: 2187–2196, 1937.
 62. Blaschko, H., and A. D. Welch. Localization of adrenaline in cytoplasmic particles of the bovine adrenal medulla. Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 219: 17–22, 1953.
 63. Bloom, B. M., and J. M. Goldman. The nature of catecholamine‐adenine mononucleotide interactions in adrenergic mechanisms. Advan. Drug Res. 3: 121–169, 1966.
 64. Bloom, F. E. The fine structural localization of biogenic monoamines in nervous tissue. Intern. Rev. Neurobiol. 13: 27–66, 1971.
 65. Bloom, F. E. Electron microscopy of catecholamine‐containing structures. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1972, vol. 33, p. 46–78.
 66. Bloom, F. E., and G. K. Aghajanian. An electron microscopic analysis of large granular synaptic vesicles of the brain in relation to monoamine content. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 159: 261–273, 1968.
 67. Bloom, F. E., and R. J. Barrnett. Fine structural localization of noradrenaline in vesicles of autonomic nerve endings. Nature 210: 599–601, 1966.
 68. Bowman, W. C., and M. T. Hall. Inhibition of rabbit intestine mediated by α‐ and β‐adrenoceptors. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 38: 399–415, 1970.
 69. Breese, G. R., T. N. Chase, and I. J. Kopin. Metabolism of some phenylethylamines and their β‐hydroxylated analogs in brain. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 165: 9–13, 1969.
 70. Brimijoin, S. Transport and turnover of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in sympathetic nerves of the rat. J. Neurochem. 19: 2183–2193, 1972.
 71. Brittain, R. T., D. Jack, and A. C. Ritchie. Recent β‐adrenoceptor stimulants. Advan. Drug Res. 5: 197–253, 1970.
 72. Broch, O. J., and F. Fonnum. The regional and subcellular distribution of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 19: 2049–2055, 1972.
 73. Brown, G. L. The release and fate of the transmitter liberated by adrenergic nerves. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 162: 1–19, 1965.
 74. Brown, J. H., and M. H. Makman. Stimulation by dopamine of adenylate cyclase in retinal homogenates and of adenosine‐3′:5′‐cyclic monophosphate formation in intact retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 539–543, 1972.
 75. Brownstein, M., J. M. Saavedra, and M. Palkovits. Norepinephrine and dopamine in the limbic system of the rat. Brain Res. 79: 431–436, 1974.
 76. Bülbring, E., and T. Tomita. Suppression of spontaneous spike generation by catecholamines in the smooth muscle of the guinea pig taenia coli. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 172: 103–119, 1969.
 77. Burn, J. H., and M. J. Rand. Sympathetic post‐ganglionic mechanism. Nature 184: 163–165, 1959.
 78. Burn, J. H., and M. J. Rand. The effect of precursors of noradrenaline on the response to tyramine and sympathetic stimulation. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 15: 47–55, 1960.
 79. Burn, J. H., and M. J. Rand. Acetylcholine in adrenergic transmission. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 5: 163–182, 1965.
 80. Burn, J. H., and J. Robinson. Effect of denervation on amine oxidase in structures innervated by the sympathetic. Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemotherap. 7: 304–318, 1952.
 81. Burnstock, G. Structure of smooth muscle and its innervation. In: Smooth Muscle, edited by E. Bülbring, A. F. Brading, A. W. Jones, and T. Tomita. London: Arnold, 1970, p. 1–69.
 82. Burnstock, G. Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 509–581, 1972.
 83. Burnstock, G., B. Evans, B. J. Gannon, J. W. Heath, and V. James. A new method of destroying adrenergic nerves in adult animals using guanethidine. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 43: 295–301, 1971.
 84. Burnstock, G., B. Gannon, and T. Iwayama. Sympathetic innervation of vascular smooth muscle in normal and hypertensive animals. Circulation Res. 26, Suppl. 2: 5–21, 1970.
 85. Burnstock, G., M. W. Mcculloch, D. F. Story, and M. E. Wright. Factors affecting the extraneuronal inactivation of noradrenaline in cardiac and smooth muscle. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 46: 243–253, 1972.
 86. Burnstock, G., J. R. Mclean, and M. Wright. Noradrenaline uptake by noninnervated smooth muscle. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 43: 180–189, 1971.
 87. Burnstock, G., and P. M. Robinson. Localization of catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase in autonomic nerves. Circulation Res. 20, Suppl. 3: 43–55, 1967.
 88. Cannon, W. B., and A. Rosenblueth. Studies on conditions of activity in endocrine organs. XXIX. Sympathin E and sympathin I. Am. J. Physiol. 104: 557–574, 1933.
 89. Cannon, W. B., and A. Rosenblueth. Autonomic Neuroeffector Systems. New York: MacMillan, 1937.
 90. Cannon, W. B., and J. E. Uridil. Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine organs. VIII. Some effects on the denervated heart of stimulating the nerves to the liver. Am. J. Physiol. 58: 353–364, 1921.
 91. Cegrell, L. The occurrence of biogenic monoamines in the mammalian endocrine pancreas. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 314: 1–7, 1968.
 92. Cervoni, P. Monoamine oxidase activity of the cat nictitating membrane and superior cervical ganglion in various experimental conditions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18: 1427–1433, 1969.
 93. Chamley, J. H., G. E. Mark, G. R. Campbell, and G. Burnstock. Sympathetic ganglia in culture. I. Neurons. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 135: 287–314, 1972.
 94. Chiocchio, S. R., A. Biscardi, and J. Tramezzani. Catecholamines in the carotid body of the cat. Nature 212: 834–835, 1966.
 95. Christenson, J. G., W. Dairman, and S. Udenfriend. Preparation and properties of a homogenous aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase from hog kidney. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 356–367, 1970.
 96. Christenson, J. G., W. Dairman, and S. Udenfriend. On the identity of Dopa decarboxylase and 5‐hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 343–347, 1972.
 97. Chrivos, M. A., P. Greengard, and S. Udenfriend. Uptake of tyrosine in rat brain in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 235: 2075–2079, 1960.
 98. Chuang, D‐M., and E. Costa. Biosynthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat adrenal medulla after exposure to cold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 71: 4570–4574, 1974.
 99. Chubb, I. W., W. P. De Potter, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. Two populations of noradrenaline‐containing particles in the spleen. Nature 228: 1203–1204, 1970.
 100. Chubb, I. W., W. P. De Potter, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. The storage of noradrenaline in sympathetic ganglia. Life Sci. 11: 323–333, 1972.
 101. Chubb, I. W., B. N. Preston, and L. Austin. Partial characterization of a naturally occurring inhibitor of dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Biochem. J. 111: 243–244, 1969.
 102. Cohn, C. K., D. L. Dunner, and J. Axelrod. Reduced catechol‐O‐methyltransferase activity in red blood cells of women with primary affective disorder. Science 170: 1323–1324, 1970.
 103. Collins, G. G. S., J. Pryse‐Davies, M. Sandler, and J. Southgate. Effect of pretreatment with oestradiol, progesterone, and Dopa on monoamine oxidase activity in the rat. Nature 226: 642–643, 1970.
 104. Connett, R. J., and N. Kirshner. Purification and properties of bovine phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 329–334, 1970.
 105. Connor, J. D. Caudate nucleus neurones: correlation of the effects of substantia nigra stimulation with iontophoretic dopamine. J. Physiol. London 208: 691–703, 1970.
 106. Consolo, S., S. Garattini, H. Ladinsky, and H. Thoenen. Effect of chemical sympathectomy on the content of acetylcholine, choline and choline acetyltransferase activity in the cat spleen and iris. J. Physiol. London 220: 639–646, 1970.
 107. Corrodi, H., and G. Jonsson. The formaldehyde fluorescence method for the histochemical demonstration of biogenic amines: a review of the methodology. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 15: 65–78, 1967.
 108. Costa, E., A. R. Green, S. H. Koslow, H. F. Le Fevre, A. V. Revuelta, and C. Wang. Dopamine and norepinephrine in noradrenergic axons: a study in vivo of their precursor product relationship by mass fragmentography and radiochemistry. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 167–190, 1972.
 109. Coupland, R. E. The Natural History of the Chromaffin Cell. London: Longmans, Green, 1965.
 110. Coyle, J. T., and J. Axelrod. Tyrosine hydroxylase in rat brain: developmental characteristics. J. Neurochem. 19: 1117–1123, 1972.
 111. Craine, J. E., G. H. Daniels, and S. Kaufman. Dopamine β‐hydroxylase. The subunit structure and anion activation of bovine adrenal enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 7838–7844, 1973.
 112. Creveling, C. R., N. Morris, H. Shimizu, H. H. Ong, and J. Daly. Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. IV. Factors affecting m‐ and p‐methylation of substituted catechols. Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 398–409, 1972.
 113. Cubeddu, L. X., E. M. Barnes, S. Z. Langer, and N. Weiner. Release of norepinephrine and dopamine β‐hydroxylase by nerve stimulation. I. Role of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake and of alpha presynaptic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 190: 431–450, 1974.
 114. Cuello, A. C., R. Hiley, and L. L. Iversen. Use of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase for the enzyme radiochemical assay of dopamine. J. Neurochem. 21: 1337–1340, 1973.
 115. Dahlström, A. The effect of reserpine and tetrabenazine on the accumulation of noradrenaline in the rat sciatic nerve after ligation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 62: 167–179, 1967.
 116. Dahlström, A. The intraneuronal distribution of noradrenaline and the transport and life span of amine storage granules in the sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 257: 93–115, 1967.
 117. Dahlström, A. The transport of noradrenaline between two simultaneously performed ligations of the sciatic nerves of rat and cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69: 158–166, 1967.
 118. Dahlström, A. Axoplasmic transport (with particular respect to adrenergic neurons). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 261: 325–358, 1971.
 119. Dahlström, A., and K. Fuxe. A method for the demonstration of adrenergic nerve fibers in peripheral nerves. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 62: 602–607, 1964.
 120. Dahlström, A., and K. Fuxe. Evidence for the existence of monoamine‐containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 247, 1965.
 121. Dahlström, A., and J. Häggendal. Some quantitative studies on the noradrenaline content of the cell bodies and terminals of a sympathetic adrenergic neuron system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 271–277, 1966.
 122. Dahlström, A., and J. Häggendal. Studies on the transport and life span of amine storage granules in a peripheral adrenergic neuron system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 278–288, 1966.
 123. Dahlström, A., and J. Häggendal. Recovery of noradrenaline in adrenergic axons of rat sciatic nerves after reserpine treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21: 633–638, 1967.
 124. Dahlström, A., and J. Häggendal. Studies on the transport and life span of amine storage granules in the adrenergic neuron system of the rabbit sciatic nerve. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69: 153–157, 1967.
 125. Dahlström, A., and J. Häggendal, and T. Hökfelt. The noradrenaline content of the varicosities of sympathetic adrenergic nerve terminals in the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 289–294, 1966.
 126. Dairman, W. Catecholamine concentrations and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase after an increase in the concentration of tyrosine in rat tissues. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44: 307–310, 1972.
 127. Dairman, W., J. G. Christenson, and S. Udenfriend. Decrease in liver aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase produced by chronic administration of L‐dopa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 68: 2117–2120, 1971.
 128. Dairman, W., J. G. Christenson, and S. Udenfriend. Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase induced by pharmacological agents. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 269–289, 1972.
 129. Dairman, W., L. B. Geffen, and M. Marchelle. Axoplasmic transport of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase and dopamine β‐hydroxylase in rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurochem. 20: 1617–1624, 1973.
 130. Dairman, W., and S. Udenfriend. Decrease in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and increase in norepinephrine synthesis in rats given L‐dopa. Science 171: 1022–1024, 1971.
 131. Dale, H. H. Nomenclature of fibres in the autonomic nervous system and their effects. J. Physiol. London 80: 10–11, 1933.
 132. Dale, H. H. Acetylcholine as a chemical transmitter of the effects of nerve impulses. J. Mt. Sinai Hosp. 4: 401–429, 1938.
 133. Dale, H. H. Adventures in Physiology. London: Wellcome Trust, 1953, p. 529.
 134. Dale, H. H., and H. W. Dudley. The presence of histamine and acetylcholine in the spleen of the ox and the horse. J. Physiol. London 108: 97–123, 1929.
 135. Dearnaley, D. P., M. Fillenz, and R. I. Woods. The identification of dopamine in the rabbits carotid body. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 170: 195–203, 1968.
 136. De Champlain, J., R. A. Mueller, and J. Axelrod. Subcellular localization of monoamine oxidase in rat tissue. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 166: 339–354, 1969.
 137. De Duve, C. Endocytosis. In: Lysosomes, edited by A. V. S. de Reuck and M. P. Cameron. London: Churchill, 1963, p. 126.
 138. Deguchi, T., and J. Axelrod. Induction and superinduction of serotonin N‐acetyltransferase by adrenergic drugs and denervation in rat pineal organ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 2208–2211, 1972.
 139. Deguchi, T., and J. Barchas. Inhibition of transmethylations of biogenic amines by S‐adenosylhomocysteine. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 3175–3181, 1971.
 140. De Potter, W. P., and I. W. Chubb. The turnover rate of noradrenergic vesicles. Biochem. J. 125: 375–376, 1971.
 141. De Potter, W. P., I. W. Chubb, A. Put, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. Facilitation of the release of noradrenaline and dopamine β‐hydroxylase at low stimulation frequencies by α‐blocking agents. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. 193: 191–197, 1971.
 142. De Potter, W. P., I. W. Chubb, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. Pharmacological aspects of peripheral noradrenergic transmission. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. 196: 258–287, 1972.
 143. De Potter, W. P., A. F. De Schaepdryver, E. J. Moerman, and A. D. Smith. Evidence for release of vesicle‐proteins together with noradrenaline upon stimulation of the splenic nerve. J. Physiol. London 204: 102–104, 1969.
 144. De Potter, W. P., A. D. Smith, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. Subcellular fractionation of splenic nerve: ATP, chromogranin A and dopamine β‐hydroxylase in noradrenergic vesicles. Tissue Cell 2: 529–546, 1970.
 145. De Quattro, V., and A. Sjoerdsma. Catecholamine turnover in normotensive and hypertensive man: effects of anti‐adrenergic drugs. J. Clin. Invest. 47: 2359–2373, 1968.
 146. De Robertis, E., and Vaz Ferreira. Electron microscope study of the excretion of catechol‐containing droplets in the adrenal medulla. Exptl. Cell Res. 12: 568–574, 1957.
 147. De Robertis, E., and A. Pellegrino De Iraldi. Plurivesicular secretory processes and nerve endings in the pineal gland of the rat. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 10: 361–372, 1961.
 148. Descarries, L., and B. Droz. Intraneuronal distribution of exogenous noradrenaline in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Cellular Biol. 44: 385–399, 1970.
 149. Devine, C. E., F. O. Simpson, and W. S. Bertrand. Freezeetch studies on the innervation of mesenteric arteries and vas deferens. J. Cell Sci. 9: 411–425, 1971.
 150. Diner, O. L'expulsion des granules de la médullosurrénale chez le hamster. Compt. Rend. 265: 616–619, 1967.
 151. Dixon, W. E. On the mode of action of drugs. Med. Mag. 16: 454–457, 1907.
 152. Douglas, W. W. Stimulus secretion coupling: the concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 34: 451–474, 1968.
 153. Douglas, W. W., and R. P. Rubin. The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus secretion coupling. J. Physiol. London 167: 288–310, 1963.
 154. Draskóczy, P. R., and U. Trendelenburg. Intraneuronal and extraneuronal accumulation of sympathomimetic amines in the isolated nictitating membrane of the cat. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 174: 290–306, 1970.
 155. Droz, B. Protein metabolism in nerve cells. Intern. Rev. Cytol. 25: 363–390, 1969.
 156. Droz, B., and H. L. Koenig. Dynamic condition of protein in axons and axon terminals. Acta Neuropathol. Suppl. 5: 109–118, 1971.
 157. Drummond, G. I., L. Duncan, and E. Hertzman. Effect of epinephrine on Phosphorylase b kinase in perfused rat hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 5899–5903, 1966.
 158. Duch, D. S., O. H. Viveros, and N. Kirshner. Endogenous inhibitor(s) in adrenal medulla of dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 255–264, 1968.
 159. Ebstein, R. P., D. H. Park, L. S. Freedman, S. M. Levitz, T. Ohuchi, and M. Goldstein. A radioimmunoassay of human circulatory dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Life Sci. 13: 769–774, 1973.
 160. Ehinger, B., B. Falck, and B. Sporrong. Possible axoaxonal synapses between adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 107: 508–521, 1970.
 161. Ehrlén, I. Fluorimetric determination of adrenaline. Farm. Revy. 47: 242–250, 1948.
 162. Eisenfeld, A. J., L. Landsberg, and J. Axelrod. Effect of drugs on the accumulation and metabolism of extraneuronal norepinephrine in the rat heart. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 158: 378–385, 1967.
 163. Elfvin, L. G. A new granule‐containing nerve cell in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the rabbit. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 22: 37–44, 1968.
 164. Elliott, T. R. On the action of adrenaline. J. Physiol. London 31: 20–21, 1904.
 165. Enero, M. A., S. Z. Langer, R. P. Rothlin, and F. J. E. Stefano. Role of the α‐adrenoceptor in regulating noradrenaline overflow by nerve stimulation. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44: 672–688, 1972.
 166. Engelman, K., and B. Portnoy. A sensitive double‐isotope derivative assay for norepinephrine and epinephrine. Circulation Res. 26: 53–57, 1970.
 167. Entman, M. L., G. S. Levey, and S. E. Epstein. Demonstration of adenyl cyclase activity in canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35: 728–733, 1969.
 168. Eränkö, O. The histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla of rats and mice. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 4: 11, 1955.
 169. Eränkö, O. Light and electron microscopic histochemical evidence of granular and non‐granular storage of catecholamines in the sympathetic ganglion of the rat. Histochem. J. 4: 213–224, 1972.
 170. Eränkö, O., and L. Eränkö. Differentiation of dopamine from noradrenaline in tissue sections by microspectrofluorimetry. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19: 131–132, 1971.
 171. Erwin, V. G., and R. A. Deitrich. The labelling in vivo of monoamine oxidase by 14C‐pargyline: a tool for studying the synthesis of the enzyme. Mol. Pharmacol. 7: 219–228, 1971.
 172. Euler, U. S. Von. A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibres (sympathin) and its relations to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Acta Physiol. Scand. 12: 73–97, 1946.
 173. Euler, U. S. Von. Noradrenaline. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1959.
 174. Euler, U. S. Von. Autonomic neuroeffector transmission. In: Handbook of Physiology. Neurophysiology, edited by H. W. Magoun. Washington, D. C.: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1959, sect. 1, vol. I, p. 215–237.
 175. Euler, U. S. Von Some factors affecting catecholamine uptake, storage and release in adrenergic nerve granules. Circulation Res. Suppl. 3: 5–11, 1967.
 176. Euler, U. S. Von, and P. Hedquist. Inhibitory action of prostaglandin E1 and E2 on the neuromuscular transmission in the guinea pig vas deferens. Acta Physiol. Scand. 77: 510–512, 1969.
 177. Euler, U. S. Von, and N. Hillarp. Evidence for the presence of noradrenaline in submicroscopic structures of adrenergic axons. Nature 177: 44–45, 1956.
 178. Exton, J. H., G. A. Robison, E. W. Sutherland, and C. R. Park. Studies on the role of adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate in the hepatic actions of glucagon and catecholamines. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 6166–6177, 1971.
 179. Fahn, S., J. S. Rodman, and L. J. Côté. Association of tyrosine hydroxylase with synaptic vesicles in bovine caudate nucleus. J. Neurochem. 16: 1293–1300, 1969.
 180. Falck, B. Observations on the possibilities of the cellular localization of monoamines by a fluorescence method. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 197, 1962.
 181. Falck, B., N. A. Hillarp, G. Thieme, and A. Thorpe. Fluorescence of catecholamines and related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 10: 348–354, 1962.
 182. Farnebo, L. O., and T. Malmfors. Histochemical studies on the uptake of noradrenaline and α‐methylnoradrenaline in the perfused rat heart. European J. Pharmacol. 5: 313–320, 1969.
 183. Farnebo, L. O., and T. Malmfors. 3H‐noradrenaline release and mechanical response in the field stimulated mouse vas deferens. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 371, 1971.
 184. Farrell, K. E. Fine structure of nerve fibres in smooth muscle of the vas deferens in normal and reserpinized animals. Nature 217: 279–281, 1968.
 185. Feldberg, W. S. Henry Hallet Dale. Biogr. Mem. Fellows Roy. Soc. 16: 77–174, 1970.
 186. Feldberg, W., B. Minz, and H. Tsudzimura. The mechanism of the nervous discharge of adrenaline. J. Physiol. London 81: 286–304, 1934.
 187. Ferry, C. B. Cholinergic link hypothesis in adrenergic neuroeffector transmission. Physiol. Rev. 46: 420–456, 1966.
 188. Fibiger, H. C., R. E. Pudritz, P. L. Mcgeer, and E. G. Mcgeer. Axonal transport in nigro‐striatal and nigro‐thalamic neurons: effects of medial forebrain bundle lesions and 6‐hydroxydopamine. J. Neurochem. 19: 1697–1708, 1972.
 189. Fillenz, M. Fine structure of noradrenaline storage vesicles in nerve terminals of the rat vas deferens. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 261: 319–323, 1971.
 190. Fillenz, M., and D. P. West. Changes in vesicular dopamine β‐hydroxylase resulting from transmitter release. J. Neurochem. 23: 411–416, 1974.
 191. Fisher, D. B., and S. Kaufman. The inhibition of phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase by high oxygen levels. J. Neurochem. 19: 1359–1365, 1972.
 192. Foldes, A., P. L. Jeffrey, B. N. Preston, and L. Austin. Dopamine β‐hydroxylase of bovine adrenal medullae. Biochem. J. 126: 1209–1217, 1972.
 193. Folkow, B., J. Häggendal, and B. Lisander. Extent of the release and elimination of noradrenaline at peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 307, 1967.
 194. Freedman, L. S., M. Roffman, M. Goldstein, K. Fuxe, and T. Hökfelt. Serum and tissue dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity in hypophysectomized rats. European J. Pharmacol. 24: 366–374, 1973.
 195. Freundt, K. J. Adrenergic alpha‐ and beta‐receptors in the mouse iris. Nature 206: 725–726, 1965.
 196. Friedman, P. A., A. H. Kappelman, and S. Kaufman. Partial purification and characterization of tryptophan hydroxylase from rabbit hindbrain. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 4165–4173, 1972.
 197. Friedman, S., and S. Kaufman. 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylethylamine‐β‐hydroxylase: physical properties, copper content, and role of copper in the catalytic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 4763–4773, 1965.
 198. Frontiers in Catecholamine Research, edited by E. Usdin and S. H. Snyder. Oxford: Pergamon, 1973, p. 1219.
 199. Frydman, R., and L. B. Geffen. Depletion and repletion of adrenal dopamine β‐hydroxylase after reserpine: immunohistochemical and fine structural correlates. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 21: 164–172, 1973.
 200. Fuller, R. W., and J. M. Hunt. Substrate specificity of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14: 1896–1897, 1965.
 201. Furchgott, R. F. The pharmacological differentiation of adrenergic receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 139: 553–570, 1967.
 202. Furchgott, R. F. Pharmacological characteristics of adrenergic receptors. Federation Proc. 29: 1352–1361, 1970.
 203. Furchgott, R. F. The classification of adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors). An evaluation from the standpoint of receptor theory. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1972, vol. 33, p. 283–335.
 204. Fuxe, K., M. Goldstein, T. Hökfelt, and T. H. Joh. Cellular localization of dopamine β‐hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Progr. Brain Res. 34: 127–138, 1972.
 205. Geffen, L. B. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase as an integrative index of sympathetic function. Life Sci. 14: 1593–1604, 1974.
 206. Geffen, L. B. Biochemical and histochemical methods of tracing transmitter‐specific neuronal molecules. In: The Use of Axonal Transport for Studies of Neuronal Conductivity, edited by W. M. Cowan and M. Cuenod. Amsterdam; Elsevier. In press.
 207. Geffen, L. B., L. Descarries, and B. Droz. Intra‐axonal migration of (3H) norepinephrine injected into the coeliac ganglion of cats: radioautographic study of the proximal segment of constricted splenic nerves. Brain Res. 35: 315–318, 1971.
 208. Geffen, L. B., and B. G. Livett. Synaptic vesicles in sympathetic neurons. Physiol. Rev. 51: 98–157, 1971.
 209. Geffen, L. B., B. G. Livett, and R. A. Rush. Immunohistochemical localization of protein components of catecholamine storage vesicles. J. Physiol. London 204: 593–606, 1969.
 210. Geffen, L. B., B. G. Livett, and R. A. Rush. Immunological localization of chromogranins in sheep sympathetic neurons, and their release by nerve impulses. J. Physiol. London 204: 58–59, 1969.
 211. Geffen, L. B., and A. Ostberg. Distribution of granular vesicles in normal and constricted sympathetic neurons. J. Physiol. London 204: 583–592, 1969.
 212. Geffen, L. B., and R. A. Rush. Transport of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves and the effect of nerve impulses on its contribution to transmitter stores. J. Neurochem. 15: 925–930, 1968.
 213. Geffen, L. B., and R. A. Rush. Immunological studies of dopamine β‐hydroxylase as a marker for adrenergic synaptic vesicles. In: Frontiers in Catecholamine Research, edited by E. Usdin and S. H. Snyder. Oxford: Pergamon, 1973, p. 483–490.
 214. Gibb, J. W., S. Spector, and S. Udenfriend. Production of antibodies to dopamine β‐hydroxylase of bovine adrenal medulla. Mol. Pharmacol. 3: 473–478, 1967.
 215. Gillespie, J. S., and T. C. Muir. Species and tissue variation in extraneuronal and neuronal accumulation of noradrenaline. J. Physiol. London 206: 591–604, 1970.
 216. Glowinski, J., and R. J. Baldessarini. Metabolism of norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 18: 1201–1238, 1966.
 217. Goldberg, L. I. Cardiovascular and renal actions of dopamine: potential clinical applications. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 1–29, 1972.
 218. Goldberg, M. A. Inhibition of synaptosomal protein synthesis by neurotransmitter substances. Brain Res. 39: 171–179, 1972.
 219. Goldstein, M., B. Anagnoste, A. F. Battista, W. S. Owen, and S. Nakatani. Studies of amines in monkeys with nigral lesions. J. Neurochem. 16: 645–653, 1969.
 220. Goldstein, M., L. S. Freeman, A. C. Bohuon, and F. Guerinot. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity in neuroblastoma. New Engl. J. Med. 286: 1123–1125, 1972.
 221. Goldstein, M., L. S. Freeman, and M. Bonnay. Assay for dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity in tissues and serum. Experientia 27: 632–633, 1971.
 222. Goldstein, M., K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt, and T. H. Joh. Immunohistochemical studies on phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase, dopa‐decarboxylase and dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Experientia 27: 951–952, 1971.
 223. Goldstein, M., K. Fuxe, and T. Hökfelt. Characterization and tissue localization of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 293–309, 1972.
 224. Goldstein, M., and T. H. Joh. The effect of reduced and oxidized pteridine on dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity. Mol. Pharmacol. 3: 396–398, 1967.
 225. Goldstein, M., M. Laver, and M. R. Mckereghan. Studies on the purification and characterization of 3,4‐dihydroxy‐phenylethylamine‐β‐hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 2066–2072, 1965.
 226. Goodall, Mc.C., and N. Kirshner. Biosynthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 213–221, 1957.
 227. Goodall, Mc.C., and N. Kirshner. Biosynthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves and ganglia. Circulation 17: 366–371, 1958.
 228. Goridis, C., and N. H. Neff. Evidence for a specific monoamine oxidase associated with sympathetic nerves. Neuropharmacology 10: 557–564, 1971.
 229. Goridis, C., and N. H. Neff. Monoamine oxidase in sympathetic nerves: a transmitter specific enzyme type. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 43: 814–818, 1971.
 230. Govier, W. C., M. F. Sugrue, and P. S. Shore. On the ability to produce supersensitivity to catecholamines in intestinal smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 165: 71–77, 1969.
 231. Grafstein, B. Axonal transport: communication between soma and synapse. In: Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, edited by E. Costa and P. Greengard. New York: Raven, 1969, vol. 1.
 232. Graham, J. D. P., C. Ivens, J. D. Lever, R. Mcquiston, and T. L. B. Spriggs. In pursuit of the α‐adrenoceptor: a fine‐structural and electron autoradiographic study using 3H‐phenoxybenzamine and smooth muscle from the cat and guinea pig. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 41: 278–284, 1971.
 233. Grillo, M. A. Electron microscopy of sympathetic tissues. Pharmacol. Rev. 18: 387–399, 1966.
 234. Guidotti, A., C. C. Mao, and E. Costa. Trans‐synaptic regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in adrenal medulla: possible role of cyclic nucleotides. In: Frontiers in Catecholamine Research, edited by E. Usdin and S. H. Snyder. Oxford: Pergamon, 1973, p. 231–237.
 235. Gustavson, K. H., L. Wetterberg, M. Backstrom, and S. B. Ross. Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes in Down's syndrome. Clin. Genet. 4: 279–280, 1973.
 236. Gutman, Y., and J. Segal. Effect of calcium, sodium and potassium on adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 2664–2666, 1972.
 237. Häggendahl, J. Some further aspects on the release of the adrenergic transmitter. In: New Aspects of Storage and Release Mechanisms of Catecholamines, edited by H. J. Schümann and G. Kroneberg. Berlin: Springer, 1970, p. 100–111.
 238. Häggendal, J., and T. Malmfors. Identification and cellular localization of the catecholamines in the retina and the choroid of the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64: 58–66, 1965.
 239. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer, 1972, vol. 33.
 240. Harris, J. E., V. H. Morgenroth, R. H. Roth, and R. J. Baldessarini. Regulation of catecholamine synthesis in the rat brain in vitro by cyclic AMP. Nature 252: 156–158, 1974.
 241. Harry, J. The site of action of sympathomimetic amines on the circular muscle strip from the guinea pig isolated ileum. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 16: 332–336, 1964.
 242. Hartman, B. K., and S. Udenfriend. The application of immunological techniques to the study of enzymes regulating catecholamine synthesis and degradation. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 311–330, 1972.
 243. Hartman, B. K., and S. Udenfriend. The use of immunological techniques for the characterization of bovine monoamine oxidase from liver and brain. Advan. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 5: 119–128, 1972.
 244. Hartman, B. K., D. Zide, and S. Udenfriend. The use of dopamine β‐hydroxylase as a marker for the central noradrenergic nervous system in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 2722–2726, 1972.
 245. Hawkins, J. The localization of amine oxidase in the liver cell. Biochem. J. 50: 577–581, 1952.
 246. Haylett, D. G., and D. H. Jenkinson. Effects of noradrenaline on potassium efflux, membrane potential and electrolyte levels in tissue slices prepared from guinea pig liver. J. Physiol. London 225: 721–750, 1972.
 247. Hebb, C., P. Kasa, and S. Mann. The relation between nerve fibres and dopamine cells in the ruminant lung. Histochem. J. 1: 166–175, 1968.
 248. Hedqvist, P. Studies on the effect of prostaglandin E1 and E2 on the sympathetic neuromuscular transmission in some animal tissues. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 345, 1970.
 249. Helle, K. Some chemical and physical properties of the soluble protein fraction of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Mol. Pharmacol. 2: 298–310, 1966.
 250. Hendry, I. A. Developmental changes in tissue and plasma concentrations of the biologically active species of nerve growth factor in the mouse, using a two‐site radioimmunoassay. Biochem. J. 128: 1265–1272, 1972.
 251. Hendry, I. A., and L. L. Iversen. Effect of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mouse superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Brain Res. 29: 159–162, 1971.
 252. Hendry, I. A., K. Stöckel, H. Thoenen, and L. L. Iversen. The retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor. Brain Res. 68: 103–121, 1974.
 253. Hillarp, N‐A. Structure of the synapses and the peripheral innervation apparatus of the autonomic nervous system. Acta Anat. Suppl. 4, 1946.
 254. Hillarp, N‐A. Isolation and some biochemical properties of the catecholamine granules in the cow adrenal medulla. Acta Physiol. Scand. 43: 82–96, 1958.
 255. Hillarp, N‐A. The construction and functional organisation of the autonomic innervation apparatus. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 46: 157, 1959.
 256. Hillarp, N‐A. Different pools of catecholamines stored in the adrenal medulla. Acta Physiol. Scand. 50: 8–22, 1960.
 257. Hillarp, N‐A. Peripheral autonomic mechanisms. In: Handbook of Physiology. Neurophysiology, edited by H. W. Magoun. Washington, D. C: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1960, sect. 1, vol. II, p. 979–1006.
 258. Hillarp, N‐A., S. Lagerstedt, and B. Nilsson. The isolation of a granular fraction from the suprarenal medulla, containing the sympathomimetic catecholamines. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29: 251–263, 1953.
 259. Hillarp, N‐A., and B. Nilsson. Some quantitative analyses of the sympathomimetic amine containing granules in the adrenal medullary cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 32: 11–18, 1954.
 260. Ho, B. T. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J. Pharm. Sci. 61: 821–837, 1972.
 261. Hökfelt, T. The effect of reserpine on the intraneuronal vesicles of the rat vas deferens. Experientia 22: 56, 1966.
 262. Hökfelt, T. In vitro studies on central and peripheral monoamine neurons at the ultrastructural level. Z. Zellforsch. Mickroskop. Anat. 91: 1–74, 1968.
 263. Hökfelt, T. Distribution of noradrenaline storing particles in peripheral adrenergic neurons as revealed by electron microscopy. Acta Physiol. Scand. 76: 427–440, 1969.
 264. Hökfelt, T., K. Fuxe, and M. Goldstein. Immunohistochemical studies on monoamine containing cell systems. Brain Res. 62: 461–469, 1973.
 265. Hökfelt, T., K. Fuxe, M. Goldstein, and O. Johansson. Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res. 66: 235–252, 1974.
 266. Hökfelt, T., and A. Ljungdahl. Modification of the Falck‐Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method using the Vibratome: simple, rapid and sensitive localization of catecholamines in sections of unfixed or formalin fixed brain tissue. Histochemie 29: 325–339, 1972.
 267. Holman, M. E. Junction potentials in smooth muscle. In: Smooth Muscle, edited by E. Bülbring, A. F. Brading, A. W. Jones, and T. Tomita. London: Arnold, 1970, p. 244–288.
 268. Holtz, P., R. Heise, and K. Ludtke. Fermentation Abbau von 1‐dioxy‐phenylalanin (dopa) durch niere. Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 191: 87–118, 1938.
 269. Holtzman, E. Cytochemical studies of protein transport in the nervous system. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 261: 407–421, 1971.
 270. Holzbauer, M., and D. F. Sharman. The distribution of catecholamines in vertebrates. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1972, vol. 33, p. 110–185.
 271. Hörtnagl, H., H. Hörtnagl, and H. Winkler. Bovine splenic nerve: characterization of noradrenaline‐containing vesicles and other cell organelles by density gradient centrifugation. J. Physiol. London 205: 103–114, 1969.
 272. Hörtnagl, H., H. Winkler, and H. Lochs. Membrane proteins of chromaffin granules. Biochem. J. 129: 187–195, 1972.
 273. Horwitz, B. A., J. M. Horowitz, and R. Smith. Norepinephrine‐induced depolarization of brown fat cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 64: 113–120, 1969.
 274. Hughes, J. Evaluation of mechanisms controlling the release and inactivation of the adrenergic transmitter in the rabbit portal vein and vas deferens. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44: 472–491, 1972.
 275. Ikeda, M., L. A. Fahein, and S. Udenfriend. A kinetic study of bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 421: 4452–4456, 1966.
 276. Iversen, L. L. The uptake of catecholamines at high perfusion concentrations in the rat isolated heart: a novel catecholamine uptake process. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 25: 18–33, 1965.
 277. Iversen, L. L. Role of transmitter uptake mechanisms in synaptic neurotransmission. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 41: 571–591, 1971.
 278. Iversen, L. L., and P. J. Salt. Inhibition of catecholamine uptake by steroids in the isolated rat heart. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 40: 528–530, 1970.
 279. Iwayama, T., J. B. Furness, and G. Burnstock. Dual adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the cerebral arteries of the rat. Circulation Res. 26: 635–646, 1970.
 280. Jacobowitz, D. Histochemical studies of the relationship of chromaffin cells and adrenergic nerve fibres to the cardiac ganglia of several species. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 158: 227–240, 1967.
 281. Jacobowitz, D. M., and M. Palkovits. Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase containing neurons in the rat brain. I. Forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 157: 13–28, 1974.
 282. Jarrott, B. Occurrence and properties of monoamine oxidase in adrenergic neurons. J. Neurochem. 18: 7–16, 1971.
 283. Jarrott, B. Occurrence and properties of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase in adrenergic neurons. J. Neurochem. 18: 17–27, 1971.
 284. Jarrott, B. Role of cyclic AMP in an α‐adrenotropic mediated contraction of smooth muscle. Proc. Intern. Congr. Pharmacol. 5: 689, 1972.
 285. Jarrott, B., and L. B. Geffen. Rapid axoplasmic transport of tyrosine hydroxylase in relation to other cytoplasmic constituents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 3440–3442, 1972.
 286. Jarrott, B., and L. L. Iversen. Subcellular distribution of monoamine oxidase activity in rat liver and vas deferens. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 1619–1624, 1968.
 287. Jarrott, B., and L. L. Iversen. Noradrenaline and metabolizing enzymes in normal and sympathetically denervated vas deferens. J. Neurochem. 18: 1–6, 1971.
 288. Jarrott, B., and S. Z. Langer. Changes in monoamine oxidase and catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activities after denervation of the nictitating membrane of the cat. J. Physiol. London 212: 549–559, 1971.
 289. Joh, T. H., C. Geghman, and D. J. Reis. Immunochemical demonstration of increased accumulation of tyrosine hydroxylase protein in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla elicited by reserpine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 70: 2767–2771, 1973.
 290. Joh, T. H., and M. Goldstein. Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase. Mol. Pharmacol. 9: 117–129, 1973.
 291. Johnson, C. B., M. Blecher, and N. A. Gioro. Hormone receptors. I. Activation of rat liver plasma membrane adenyl cyclase and fat cell lipolysis by agarose‐glucagon. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46: 1035–1041, 1972.
 292. Johnson, D. G., N. B. Thoa, R. Weinshilboum, J. Axelrod, and I. J. Kopin. Enhanced release of dopamine β‐hydroxylase from sympathetic nerves by calcium and phenoxybenzamine and its reversal by prostaglandins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 68: 2227–2230, 1971.
 293. Jonsson, G. Quantitation of fluorescence of biogenic monoamines. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 2: 299–334, 1971.
 294. Kalsner, S. Steroid potentiation of responses to sympathomimetic amines in aortic strips. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 36: 582–593, 1969.
 295. Kalsner, S., and M. Nickerson. Disposition of norepinephrine and epinephrine in vascular tissue, determined by the technique of oil immersion. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 165: 152–165, 1969.
 296. Kamberi, I. A., and Y. Kobayashi. Monoamine oxidase activity in the hypothalamus and various other brain areas and in some endocrine glands of the rat during the estrus cycle. J. Neurochem. 17: 261–268, 1970.
 297. Kapeller, K., and D. Mayor. An electron microscopic study of the early changes proximal to a constriction in sympathetic nerves. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 172: 39–51, 1969.
 298. Kapeller, K., and D. Mayor. An electron microscopic study of the early changes distal to a constriction in sympathetic nerves. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 172: 53–63, 1969.
 299. Kato, T., H. Kuzuya, and T. Nagatsu. A simple and sensitive assay for dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity by dualwavelength spectrophotometry. Biochem. Med. 10: 320–328, 1974.
 300. Kappers, J. A. The development, topographical relations and innervation of the epiphysis cerebri in the albino rat. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 52: 163–215, 1960.
 301. Karobath, M., and R. J. Baldessarini. Formation of catechol compounds from phenylalanine and tyrosine with isolated nerve endings. Nature New Biol. 236: 206–208, 1972.
 302. Katz, R. I., J. S. Goodwin, and I. J. Kopin. Disposition of neurotransmitters in experimental mouse glioma. Life Sci. 8: 561–569, 1969.
 303. Katzman, R., A. Björklund, C. Owman, U. Stenevi, and K. West. Evidence for regenerative axon sprouting of central catecholamine neurons in the rat mesencephalon following electrolytic lesions. Brain Res. 25: 579–596, 1971.
 304. Kaumann, A. J. Adrenergic receptors in heart muscle: relation among factors influencing the sensitivity of the cat papillary muscle to catecholamines. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 173: 383–398, 1970.
 305. Kebabian, J. W., G. L. Petzold, and P. Greengard. Dopamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase in caudate nucleus of rat brain, and its similarity to the “dopamine receptor.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 2145–2149, 1972.
 306. Kettler, R., G. Bartholini, and A. Pletscher. In vivo enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat striatum by tetrahydrobiopterin. Nature 249: 476–478, 1974.
 307. Kirpekar, S. M., and Y. Misu. Release of noradrenaline by splenic nerve stimulation and its dependence upon calcium. J. Physiol. London 188: 219–234, 1967.
 308. Kirpekar, S. M., and A. R. Wakade. Release of noradrenaline from the cat spleen by potassium. J. Physiol. London 194: 595–608, 1968.
 309. Kirshner, N. Uptake of catecholamines by a particulate fraction of the adrenal medulla. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 2311–2317, 1962.
 310. Kirshner, N. Storage and secretion of adrenal catecholamines. Advan. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 1: 71–89, 1969.
 311. Kirshner, N., and McC. Goodall. The formation of adrenaline from noradrenaline. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 24: 658–659, 1957.
 312. Kirshner, N., H. J. Sage, W. J. Smith, and A. G. Kirschner. Mechanism of secretion from the adrenal medulla. 2. Release of catecholamines and storage vesicle protein in response to chemical stimulation. Mol. Pharmacol. 3: 254–265, 1967.
 313. Kizer, J. S., M. Palkovits, J. Zivin, M. Brownstein, J. Saavedra, and I. J. Kopin. The effect of endocrinological manipulations on tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β‐hydroxylase activities in individual hypothalamic nuclei of the adult male rat. Endocrinology 95: 799–812, 1974.
 314. Klingman, G. I. Catecholamine levels and dopa decarboxylase activity in peripheral organs and adrenergic tissues in the rat after immunosympathectomy. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 148: 14–21, 1965.
 315. Kobayashi, R. M., M. Palkovits, I. J. Kopin, and D. M. Jacobowitz. Biochemical mapping of noradrenergic nerves arising from the rat locus coeruleus. Brain Res. 77: 269–279, 1974.
 316. Kopin, I. J. False adrenergic transmitters. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 8: 377–394, 1968.
 317. Kopin, I. J., M. Palkovits, R. M. Kobayashi, and D. M. Jacobowitz. Quantitative relationship of catecholamine content and histofluorescence in brains of rats. Brain Res. 80: 229–235, 1974.
 318. Koslow, S. H., F. Cattabeni, and E. Costa. Norepinephrine and dopamine: assay by mass fragmentography in the picomole range. Science 176: 177–180, 1972.
 319. Koslow, S. H., and M. Schlumpf. Quantitation of adrenaline in rat brain nuclei and areas by mass fragmentography. Nature 251: 530–531. 1974.
 320. Kramer, S. G. Dopamine: a retinal neurotransmitter. I. Retinal uptake, storage, and light‐stimulated release of 3H‐dopamine in vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. 10: 438–452, 1971.
 321. Kramer, S. G., A. M. Potts, and Y. Mangnall. Dopamine: a retinal neurotransmitter. II. Autoradiographic localization of 3H‐dopamine in the retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. 10: 617–624, 1971.
 322. Krishna, G., J. Moskowitz, P. Dempsey, B. B. Brodie, and Z. Mccallum. The effect of norepinephrine and insulin on brown fat cell membrane potentials. Life Sci., Part 1 9: 1353–1361, 1970.
 323. Kuczenski, R. T., and A. J. Mandell. Regulatory properties of soluble and particulate rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 3114–3122, 1972.
 324. Kuntzman, R., P. A. Shore, D. Bogdanski, and B. B. Brodie. Microanalytical procedures for fluorometric assay of brain dopa‐5‐HTP decarboxylase, norepinephrine and serotonin, and a detailed mapping of decarboxylase activity in brain. J. Neurochem. 6: 225–232, 1961.
 325. Kuzuya, H., and T. Nagatsu. Properties of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in soluble and particulate fractions of bovine adrenal medulla. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 737–740, 1972.
 326. Kvetnansky, R., V. K. Weise, and I. J. Kopin. Elevation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase by repeated immobilization of rats. Endocrinology 87: 744–749, 1970.
 327. Laduron, P., and F. Belpaire. Tissue fractionation and catecholamines. II. Intracellular distribution patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase, dopamine β‐hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N‐transferase and monoamine oxidase in adrenal medulla. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 1127–1140, 1968.
 328. Laduron, P., and F. Belpaire. Transport of noradrenaline and dopamine β‐hydroxylase in sympathetic nerves. Life Sci., Part 1 7: 1–7, 1968.
 329. Lagercrantz, H., and L. Stjärne. Evidence that most noradrenaline is stored without ATP in sympathetic large dense core nerve vesicles. Nature 249: 843–844, 1974.
 330. Lamprecht, F., R. B. Williams, and I. J. Kopin. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase during development of immobilization‐induced hypertension. Endocrinology 92: 953–956, 1973.
 331. Lamprecht, F., and G. F. Wooten. Effect of hypophysectomy on serum dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase activity in rat. Endocrinology 92: 1543–1546, 1973.
 332. Lands, A. M., A. Arnold, J. P. Mcauliff, F. P. Luduena, and T. G. Brown. Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines. Nature 214: 597–598, 1967.
 333. Landsberg, L., J. De Champlain, and J. Axelrod. Increased biosynthesis of cardiac norepinephrine after hypophysectomy. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 165: 102–107, 1969.
 334. Langer, S. Z. Presynaptic regulation of catecholamine release. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 1793–1800, 1974.
 335. Langer, S. Z., F. J. E. Stefano, and M. A. Enero. Pre‐ and post‐synaptic origin of the norepinephrine metabolites formed during transmitter release elicited by nerve stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 183: 90–102, 1972.
 336. Laverty, R., and D. F. Sharman. The estimation of small quantities of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine in tissues. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 24: 538–548, 1965.
 337. Lefkowitz, R. J., E. Haber, and D. O'hara. Identification of the cardiac β‐adrenergic receptor protein: solubilization and purification by affinity chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 2828–2832, 1972.
 338. Lefkowitz, R. J., and G. S. Levey. Norepinephrine: dissociation of β‐receptor binding from adenylate cyclase activation in solubilized myocardium. Life Sci., Part 1 11: 821–828, 1972.
 339. Lempinen, M. Extra adrenal chromaffin tissue of the rat, the effect of cortical hormones on it. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 231, 1964.
 340. Levey, G. S. Solubilization of myocardial adenyl cyclase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38: 86–92, 1970.
 341. Levey, G. S. Restoration of norepinephrine responsiveness of solubilized myocardial adenylate cyclase by phosphatidyl‐inositol. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 7405–7410, 1971.
 342. Levi‐Montalcini, R., and P. U. Angeletti. Nerve growth factor. Physiol. Rev. 48: 534–569, 1968.
 343. Levin, E. Y., and S. Kaufman. The enzymatic conversion of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine to norepinephrine. J. Biol. Chem. 236: 2043–2044, 1961.
 344. Levin, E. Y., B. Levenberg, and S. Kaufman. The enzymatic conversion of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine to norepinephrine. J. Biol. Chem. 235: 2080–2086, 1960.
 345. Levin, J. A., and R. F. Furchgott. Interactions between potentiating agents of adrenergic amines in rabbit aortic strips. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 172: 320–331, 1970.
 346. Levitt, M., J. W. Gibb, J. W. Daly, M. Lipton, and S. Udenfriend. A new class of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors and a simple assay of inhibition in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 1313–1321, 1967.
 347. Levitt, M., S. Spector, A. Sjoerdsma, and S. Udenfriend. Elucidation of the rate limiting step in norepinephrine biosynthesis using the perfused guinea pig heart. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 148: 1–8, 1965.
 348. Levitt, M., S. Spector, and S. Udenfriend. Formation of norepinephrine by the isolated heart. Federation Proc. 23: 562, 1964.
 349. Libet, B., and T. Toaska. Slow inhibitory and excitatory post‐synaptic responses in individual cells of mammalian sympathetic ganglia. J. Neurophysiol. 32: 43–50, 1969.
 350. Libet, B., and T. Toaska. Dopamine as a synaptic transmitter and modulator in sympathetic ganglia: a different mode of synaptic action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 67: 667–673, 1970.
 351. Lightman, S. L., and L. L. Iversen. The role of uptake2 in the extraneuronal metabolism of catecholamines in the isolated rat heart. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 37: 638–649, 1969.
 352. Lindvall, O., and A. Björklund. The glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method: a detailed account of the methodology for the visualization of central catecholaminergic neurons. Histochemistry 39: 97–127, 1974.
 353. Lindvall, O., and A. Björklund. The organisation of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 412, 1974.
 354. Lishajko, F. Studies on catecholamine release and uptake in adreno‐medullary storage granules. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 362, 1971.
 355. Livett, B. G. Histochemical visualization of peripheral and central adrenergic neurons. Brit. Med. Bull. 29: 93–99, 1973.
 356. Livett, B. G., L. B. Geffen, and L. Austin. Proximo‐distal transport of 14C‐noradrenaline and protein in sympathetic nerves. J. Neurochem. 15: 931–940, 1968.
 357. Lloyd, T., and N. Weiner. Isolation and characterization of a tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor from bovine adrenal medulla. Mol. Pharmacol. 7: 569–580, 1971.
 358. Loewi, O. Ueber humorale Ueberstragbarkeit den Herznervenwirkung. Pfluegers Arch. European J. Physiol. 189: 239–242, 1921.
 359. Loewi, O. Quantitative and qualitative Untersuchung über der sympathicusstoff. Pfluegers Arch. European J. Physiol. 237: 504–514, 1936.
 360. Löffelholz, K., and E. Muscholl. Inhibition by parasympathetic nerve stimulation of the release of the adrenergic transmitter. Arch. Pharmakol. 267: 181–184, 1970.
 361. Lofts, B., and J. G. Phillips. Some aspects of the structure of the adrenal gland in snakes. J. Endocrinol. 33: 327–332, 1965.
 362. Louis, W. J., A. E. Doyle, S. M. Anavekar, C. I. Johnston, L. B. Geffen, and R. Rush. Plasma catecholamine, dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase, and renin levels in essential hypertension. Circulation Res. Suppl. 34: 57–61, 1974.
 363. Lovenberg, W., H. Weissbach, and S. Udenfriend. Aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 89–94, 1962.
 364. Lutz, W. B., C. R. Creveling, J. W. Daly, and B. Witkop. Sulfur analogs of dopamine and norepinephrine. Inhibition of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. J. Med. Chem. 15: 795–802, 1972.
 365. Maas, J. W., and D. H. Landis. The metabolism of circulating norepinephrine by human subjects. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 177: 600–612, 1971.
 366. Mackay, A. V. P., and L. L. Iversen. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity of sympathetic ganglia cultured in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Brain Res. 48: 424–426, 1972.
 367. Maguire, M. E., P. H. Goldmann, and A. Gilman. The reaction of [3H]norepinephrine with particulate fractions of cells responsive to catecholamines. Mol. Pharmacol. 10: 563–581, 1974.
 368. Malamed, S., A. M. Poisner, J. M. Trifaró, and W. W. Douglas. The fate of the chromaffin granule during catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. III. Recovery of a purified fraction of electron translucent structures. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 241–246, 1968.
 369. Malmfors, T. Studies on adrenergic nerves. The use of rat and mouse iris for direct observations on their physiology and pharmacology at cellular and subcellular levels. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 248, 1965.
 370. Martin, A. R. Quantal nature of synaptic transmission. Physiol. Rev. 46: 51–66, 1966.
 371. Matthews, M. R., and G. Raisman. The ultrastructural and somatic efferent synapses of small granule‐containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion. J. Anat. 105: 255–282, 1969.
 372. Maxwell, R. A., W. B. Wastila, and S. B. Eckhardt. Some factors determining the response of rabbit aortic strips to dl‐norepinephrine‐7–3H hydrochloride and the influence of cocaine, guanethidine and methylphenidate on these factors. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 151: 253–261, 1966.
 373. Mayer, S. E. Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on adenylate cyclase activity of dog heart and liver. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 181: 116–125, 1972.
 374. Mayer, S. E., D. H. Namm, and J. P. Hickenbottom. Regulation of the Phosphorylase activating pathway in intact cardiac and skeletal muscle. In: Advances in Enzyme Regulation, edited by G. Weber. Oxford: Pergamon, 1970, vol. 8, 205–216.
 375. Mayor, D., and K. Kapeller. Fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy of adrenergic nerves after constriction at two points. J. Roy. Microscop. Soc. 87: 277–294, 1967.
 376. Mcafee, D. A., and P. Greengard. Adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate: electrophysiological evidence for a role in synaptic transmission. Science 178: 310–312, 1972.
 377. Mcafee, D. A., M. Schorderet, and P. Greengard. Adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate in nervous tissue: increase associated with synaptic activity. Science 171: 1156–1158, 1971.
 378. Mcgeer, E. G., P. L. Mcgeer, and J. A. Wada. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase in human and animal brain. J. Neurochem. 18: 1647–1658, 1971.
 379. Mcgeer, P. L., S. P. Bagchi, and E. G. Mcgeer. Subcellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in beef caudate nucleus. Life Sci. 4: 1859–1867, 1965.
 380. Mcmahan, U. J., and S. W. Kuffler. Visual identification of synaptic boutons on living ganglion cells and of varicosities in postganglionic axons in the heart of the frog. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 177: 485–508, 1971.
 381. Miele, E. Lack of effect of prostaglandin E1 and F1α on adreno‐medullary catecholamine secretion evoked by various agents. In: Prostaglandins, Peptides and Amines, edited by P. Mantegazza and E. W. Horton. London: Academic, 1969, p. 85–93.
 382. Molinoff, P. B., S. Brimijoin, and J. Axelrod. Induction of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in rat hearts and sympathetic ganglia. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 182: 116–129, 1972.
 383. Molinoff, P. B., S. Brimijoin, R. M. Weinshilboum, and J. Axelrod. Neurally mediated increase in dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 66: 453–458, 1970.
 384. Moore, K. E., and J. A. Dominic. Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors. Federation Proc. 30: 859–870, 1971.
 385. Morgenroth, V. H., M. Boadle‐Biber, and R. H. Roth. Tyrosine hydroxylase: activation by nerve stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. US 71: 4283–4287, 1974.
 386. Mueller, R. A., and F. E. Shideman. The prolongation of reserpine‐induced cardiac norepinephrine depletion by metabolic inhibitors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17: 451–467, 1968.
 387. Mueller, R. A., H. Thoenen, and J. Axelrod. Inhibition of trans‐synaptically increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Mol. Pharmacol. 5: 463–469, 1969.
 388. Mueller, R. A., H. Thoenen, and J. Axelrod. Effect of pituitary and ACTH on the maintenance of basal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat adrenal gland. Endocrinology 86: 751–755, 1970.
 389. Murad, F., Y. M. Chi, T. W. Rall, and E. W. Sutherland. Adenyl cyclase. III. The effect of catecholamines and choline esters on the formation of adenosine 3′,5′‐phosphate by preparations from cardiac muscle and liver. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 1233–1238, 1962.
 390. Musacchio, J. M., G. L. Craviso, and R. J. Wurzburger. Dihydropteridine reductase in the rat brain. Life Sci. Part 1 11: 267–276, 1972.
 391. Musacchio, J. M., G. L. D'angelo, and C. A. Mcqueen. Dihydropteridine reductase: implication on the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 68: 2089–2091, 1971.
 392. Muscholl, E. Cholinomimetic drugs and release of the adrenergic transmitter. In: New Aspects of Storage and Release Mechanisms of Catecholamines, edited by H. J. Schümann and G. Kroneberg. Berlin: Springer, 1970, p. 168–186.
 393. Nagatsu, T., H. Kuzuya, and H. Hidaka. Inhibition of dopamine β‐hydroxylase by sulphydryl compounds and the nature of the natural inhibitors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 139: 319–327, 1967.
 394. Nagatsu, T., M. Levitt, and S. Udenfriend. Tyrosine hydroxylase. The initial step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 2910–2917, 1964.
 395. Nagatsu, T., K. Mizutani, I. Nagatsu, S. Matsuura, and T. Sugimoto. Pteridines as cofactor or inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 1945–1953, 1972.
 396. Nagatsu, T., L. A. Rust, and V. De Quattro. The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and related enzymes of catecholamine synthesis and metabolism in dog kidney — effects of denervation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18: 1441–1446, 1969.
 397. Nagatsu, T., and S. Udenfriend. Photometric assay of dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity in human blood. Clin. Chem. 18: 980–983, 1972.
 398. Newton, N. E., and K. R. Hornbrook. Effects of adrenergic agents on carbohydrate metabolism of rat liver: activities of adenyl cyclase and glycogen Phosphorylase. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 181: 479–488, 1972.
 399. Nielsen, K. C., and C. Owman. Adrenergic innervation of pial arteries related to the circle of Willis in the cat. Brain Res. 6: 773–776, 1967.
 400. Norberg, K. A. Transmitter histochemistry of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system. Brain Res. 5: 125–170, 1967.
 401. Norberg, K. A., and B. Hamberger. The sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Some characteristics revealed by histochemical studies on the intraneuronal distribution of the transmitter. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 234, 1964.
 402. Norberg, K. A., M. Ritzén, and U. Ungerstedt. Histochemical studies on a special catecholamine‐containing cell type in sympathetic ganglia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67: 260–270, 1966.
 403. Norberg, K. A., and F. Sjöqvist. New possibilities for adrenergic modulation of ganglionic transmission. Pharmacol. Rev. 18: 743–751, 1966.
 404. Ochs, S. Fast transport of materials in mammalian nerve fibres. Science 176: 252–260, 1972.
 405. Otten, U., R. A. Mueller, and H. Thoenen. Evidence against a causal relationship between increase in C‐AMP and induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat adrenal medulla. Arch. Pharmakol. 285: 233–242, 1974.
 406. Owman, C., and N. O. Sjoberg. Difference in the rate of depletion and recovery of noradrenaline in “short” and “long” sympathetic nerves after reserpine treatment. Life Sci. 6: 2549–2556, 1967.
 407. Palkovits, M., M. Brownstein, J. M. Saavedra, and J. Axelrod. Norepinephrine and dopamine content of hypothalamic nuclei of the rat. Brain Res. 77: 137–150, 1974.
 408. Palkovits, M., and D. Jacobowitz. Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase containing neurons in the rat brain. II. Hindbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 157: 29–42, 1974.
 409. Patrick, R. L., and N. Kirshner. Effect of stimulation on the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine β‐hydroxylase, and catecholamines in intact and denervated rat adrenal glands. Mol. Pharmacol. 7: 87–96, 1971.
 410. Pellegrino De Iraldi, A., and E. De Robertis. The neurotubular system of the axon and the origin of granulated and non‐granulated vesicles in regenerating nerves. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 87: 330–344, 1968.
 411. Petrack, B., F. Sheppy, V. Fetzer, T. Manning, H. Chertock, and D. Ma. Effect of ferrous ion on tyrosine hydroxylase of bovine adrenal medulla. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 4872–4878, 1972.
 412. Pickel, V. M., T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis. Immunolocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase in brain by light and electron microscopy. Brain Res. 85: 295–300, 1975.
 413. Picken, G. M., and B. Jarrott. Effects of blockade of extraneuronal uptake on responses to isoprenaline in perfused rat heart. Clin. Exptl. Pharmacol. Physiol. In press.
 414. Pletscher, A., K. F. Gey, and W. P. Burkard. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and decarboxylase of aromatic amino acids. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by O. Eichler and A. Farah. Berlin: Springer, 1965, vol. 19, p. 593–733.
 415. Pohorecky, L. A., and B. S. Baliga. Formation of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase complexes as an intermediate of the methylation of norepinephrine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 2859–2866, 1972.
 416. Pohorecky, L. A., and R. J. Wurtman. Adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis. Pharmacol. Rev. 23: 1–35, 1971.
 417. Pool, P. E., J. W. Covell, M. Levitt, J. Gibb, and E. Braunwald. Reduction of cardiac tyrosine hydroxylase activity in experimental congestive heart failure. Circulation Res. 20: 349–353, 1967.
 418. Porter, C. C. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors. Federation Proc. 30: 871–876, 1971.
 419. Potter, L. T., and J. Axelrod. Properties of norepinephrine storage particles of the rat heart. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 142: 299–305, 1963.
 420. Potter, L. T., T. Cooper, V. L. Willman, and D. E. Wolfe. Synthesis, binding, release and metabolism of norepinephrine in normal and transplanted hearts. Circulation Res. 16: 468–481, 1965.
 421. Prusoff, W. H., H. Blaschko, M. G. Ord, and L. A. Stocken. Incorporation of phosphorus‐32 into adenosine triphosphate of adrenal chromaffin granules. Nature 190: 354–355, 1961.
 422. Rabinowitz, M., L. Desalles, J. Meisler, and L. Lorand. Distribution of adenyl cyclase activity in rabbit skeletal muscle fractions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 97: 29–36, 1965.
 423. Reis, D. J., T. H. Joh, R. A. Ross, and V. M. Pickel. Reserpine selectively increases tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β‐hydroxylase enzyme protein in central noradrenergic neurons. Brain Res. 81: 380–386, 1974.
 424. Reis, D. J., and P. B. Molinoff. Brain dopamine β‐hydroxylase: regional distribution and effects of lesions and 6‐hydroxydopamine on activity. J. Neurochem. 19: 195–204, 1972.
 425. Rentzhog, L. Double isotope dilution derivative technique for measurement of catecholamines. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 377, 1972.
 426. Richardson, K. C. The fine structure of autonomic nerve endings in smooth muscle with special reference to the vas deferens. Acta Neurovegata 26: 373–376, 1964.
 427. Richardson, K. C. Fine structure of the albino rabbit iris with special reference to the identification of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves and nerve endings in its intrinsic muscles. Am. J. Anat. 114: 173–205, 1964.
 428. Richelson, E., and E. J. Thompson. Transport of neurotransmitter precursors into cultured cells. Nature New Biol. 241: 201–204, 1973.
 429. Robison, G. A., R. W. Butcher, I. Øye, H. E. Morgan, and E. W. Sutherland. The effect of epinephrine on adenosine 3′,5′‐phosphate levels in the isolated perfused rat heart. Mol. Pharmacol. 1: 168–177, 1965.
 430. Robison, G. A., R. W. Butcher, and E. W. Sutherland. Adenyl cyclase as an adrenergic receptor. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 139: 703–723, 1967.
 431. Robison, G. A., R. W. Butcher, and E. W. Sutherland. Cyclic AMP. New York: Academic, 1971, p. 532.
 432. Robison, G. A., and E. W. Sutherland. Sympathin E, sympathin I, and the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. Circulation Res. 26: 47–161, 1970.
 433. Roffman, M., L. S. Freedman, and M. Goldstein. The effect of acute and chronic swim stress on dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity. Life Sci. 12: 369–376, 1973.
 434. Ross, S. B., R. Weinshilboum, P. B. Molinoff, E. S. Vessell, and J. Axelrod. Electrophoretic properties of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in several tissues from three species. Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 50–58, 1972.
 435. Ross, S. B., L. Wetterberg, and M. Myrhed. Genetic control of plasma dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Life Sci. 12: 529–532, 1973.
 436. Roth, R. H., L. Stjärne, F. Bloom, and N. J. Giarman. Light and heavy norepinephrine storage particles in the rat heart and in bovine splenic nerve. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 162: 203–212, 1968.
 437. Rush, R. A., and L. B. Geffen. Radioimmunoassay and clearance of circulating dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Circulation Res. 31: 444–452, 1972.
 438. Rush, R. A., P. E. Thomas, and S. Udenfriend. Measurement of human serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase by a homologous radioimmunoassay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US. In press.
 439. Rutledge, C. O., and J. Jonason. Metabolic pathways of dopamine and norepinephrine in rabbit brain in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 157: 493–502, 1967.
 440. Saavedra, J. M., M. Palkovits, M. F. Brownstein, and J. Axelrod. Localisation of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase in the rat brain nuclei. Nature 248: 695–696, 1974.
 441. Sabatini, D. D., K. Bensch, and R. J. Barrnett. Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. J. Cell Biol. 17: 19–58, 1963.
 442. Saelens, J. K., M. S. Schoen, and G. B. Kovacsics. An enzyme assay for norepinephrine in brain tissue. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 1043–1049, 1967.
 443. Sakai, K. K., and B. H. Marks. Adrenergic effects on pineal cell membrane potential. Life Sci., Part 1 11: 285–291, 1972.
 444. Salseduc, M. M., I. J. Jofre, and J. A. Izquiero. Monoamine oxidase and catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity in cerebral structures and sexual organs of rats during their sexual cycle. Med. Pharmacol. Exptl. 14: 113–119, 1966.
 445. Samson, F. E. Mechanism of axoplasmic transport. J. Neurobiol. 2: 347–360, 1971.
 446. Schneider, F. H., A. D. Smith, and H. Winkler. Secretion from the adrenal medulla: biochemical evidence for exocytosis. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 31: 94–104, 1967.
 447. Schwabe, U., and R. Ebert. Different effects of lipolytic hormones and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cyclic 3′,5′‐AMP levels in isolated fat cells. Arch. Pharmacol. 274: 287–298, 1972.
 448. Sedvall, G. C., and I. J. Kopin. Influence of sympathetic denervation and nerve impulse activity on tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat submaxillary gland. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 39–46, 1967.
 449. Serck‐Hanssen, G., and K. B. Helle. Biochemical and morphological characterization of chromaffin granules accumulating during in vitro secretion from perfused adrenal glands. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 273: 199–207, 1972.
 450. Sharman, D. F. Methods of determination of catecholamines and their metabolites. In: Methods of Neurochemistry, edited by R. Fried. New York: Dekker. 1971, vol. 1, p. 83–127.
 451. Shiman, R., M. Akino, and S. Kaufman. Solubilization and partial purification of tyrosine hydroxylase from bovine adrenal medulla. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 1330–1340, 1971.
 452. Siegrist, G., M. Dolivo, Y. Dunat, C. Foroglou‐Kerameus, F. De Ribaupierre, and C. Rouiller. Ultrastructure and function of the chromaffin cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25: 381–407, 1968.
 453. Silberstein, S. D., S. Brimijoin, P. B. Molinoff, and L. Lemberger. Induction of dopamine β‐hydroxylase in rat superior cervical ganglia in organ culture. J. Neurochem. 19: 919–921, 1972.
 454. Silberstein, S. D., D. G. Johnson, D. M. Jacobowitz, and I. J. Kopin. Sympathetic reinnervation of the rat iris in organ culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 68: 1121–1124, 1971.
 455. Silberstein, S. D., L. Lemberger, D. C. Klein, J. Axelrod, and I. J. Kopin. Induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase in organ culture. Neuropharmacology 11: 721–726, 1972.
 456. Silberstein, S. D., H. M. Shein, and K. R. Berv. Catechol‐O‐methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase activity in cultured rodent astrocytoma cells. Brain Res. 41: 245–248, 1972.
 457. Smith, A. D. Biochemistry of adrenal chromaffin granules. In: The Interaction of Drugs and Subcellular Components in Animal Cells, edited by P. N. Campbell. London: Churchill, 1968, p. 239–292.
 458. Smith, A. D. Some implications of the neuron as a secreting cell. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 261: 423–437, 1971.
 459. Smith, A. D. Storage and secretion of hormones. In: The Scientific Basis of Medicine, edited by I. Gilliland and J. Francis. London: Althone, 1972, p. 74–102.
 460. Smith, A. D. Subcellular localization of noradrenaline in sympathetic neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 435–457, 1972.
 461. Smith, A. D., W. P. De Potter, E. H. Moerman, and A. F. De Schaepdryver. Release of dopamine β‐hydroxylase and chromogranin A upon stimulation of the splenic nerve. Tissue Cell 2: 547–568, 1970.
 462. Smith, A. D., and H. Winkler. Fundamental mechanisms in the release of catecholamines. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1972, p. 538–617.
 463. Smith, K. J., J. A. Redick, D. E. Van Orden, and L. S. Van Orden. Immunohistochemical localization of soluble protein in the adrenal medulla. Histochem. J. 5: 255–264, 1973.
 464. Smith, W. J., and N. Kirshner. A specific soluble protein from the catecholamine storage vesicles of bovine adrenal medulla. I. Purification and chemical characterization. Mol. Pharmacol. 3: 52–62, 1967.
 465. Snyder, S. H., J. Fischer, and J. Axelrod. Evidence for the presence of monoamine oxidase in sympathetic nerve endings. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14: 363–365, 1965.
 466. Snyder, S. H., and K. M. Taylor. Assay of biogenic amines and their deaminating enzymes in animal tissues. In: Research Methods in Neurochemistry, edited by N. Marks and R. Rodnight. New York: Plenum, 1972, vol. 1, p. 287–315.
 467. Somlyo, A. P., A. V. Somlyo, and N. Friedman. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and glucagon: effects on membrane potential and ion fluxes in the liver. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 185: 108–114, 1971.
 468. Sourkes, T. L. Central actions of dopa and dopamine. Rev. Can. Biol. 31: 153–168, 1972.
 469. Starke, K. α Sympathomimetic inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic transmission in the rabbit heart. Arch. Pharmacol. 274: 18–45, 1972.
 470. Starke, K. Influence of extracellular noradrenaline on the stimulation‐evoked secretion of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves: evidence for an α‐receptor‐mediated feed‐back inhibition of noradrenaline release. Arch. Pharmacol. 275: 11–23, 1972.
 471. Steinberger, L. A. Enzyme immunohistochemistry. In: Electron Microscopy of Enzymes, edited by M. A. Hayatt. New York: Van Nostrand, 1973, vol. 1, p. 150–191.
 472. Stjärne, L., and F. Lishajko. Localization of different steps in noradrenaline synthesis to different fractions of a bovine splenic nerve homogenate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 1719–1728, 1967.
 473. Stone, R. A., J. C. Gunnells, R. R. Robinson, S. Schanberg, and N. Kirshner. Dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase in primary and secondary hypertension. Circulation Res. 34, Suppl. 1: 47–56, 1974.
 474. Stone, R. A., N. Kirschner, J. C. Gunnells, and R. R. Robinson. Changes of plasma dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity and other plasma constituents during the cold pressor test. Life Sci. 14: 1797–1805, 1974.
 475. Strada, S. J., D. C. Klein, J. Weller, and B. Weiss. Effect of norepinephrine on the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate of rat pineal gland in organ culture. Endocrinology 90: 1470–1475, 1972.
 476. Straschill, M., and J. Perwein. The inhibition of retinal ganglion cells by catecholamines and gamma‐aminobutyric acid. Pfluegers Arch. European J. Physiol. 312: 45–54, 1969.
 477. Sutherland, E. W., and T. W. Rall. Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotide formed by tissue particles. J. Biol. Chem. 233, 1077–1091, 1958.
 478. Tabakoff, B., and V. G. Erwin. Purification and characterization of a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐linked aldehyde reductase from brain. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 3263–3268, 1970.
 479. Tada, M., M. A. Kirchberger, D. I. Repke, and A. M. Katz. The stimulation of calcium transport in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenosine 3′:5′‐monophosphate‐dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6174–6180, 1974.
 480. Tallan, H. H., S. Moore, and W. H. Stein. Studies of the free amino acids and related compounds in the tissues of the cat. J. Biol. Chem. 211: 927–939, 1954.
 481. Tarver, J., B. Berkowitz, and S. Spector. Alterations in tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase activity in blood vessels. Nature New Biol. 231: 252–253, 1971.
 482. Taunton, O. D., J. Roth, and I. Pastan. Studies on the adrenocorticotropic hormone‐activated adenyl cyclase of a functional adrenal tumor. J. Biol. Chem. 244: 247–253, 1969.
 483. Taxi, J. Sur la fixation et la signification due contenu dense des vesicles des fibres adrenergiques etudiés au microscope electronique. Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 21: 1229–1231, 1968.
 484. Taxi, J., and B. Droz. Etude de l'incorporation de noradrenaline‐3H (NA‐3H) et de 5‐hydroxytryptophane‐3H (5HTP‐3H) dans les fibres nerveuses du canal deferent et de l'intestin. Comp. Rend. 263: 1237–1240, 1966.
 485. Thierry, A. M., J. C. Hirsch, J. P. Tassin, G. Blanc, and J. Glowinski. Presence of dopaminergic terminals and absence of dopaminergic cell bodies in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Brain Res. 79: 77–88, 1974.
 486. Thierry, A. M., L. Stinus, G. Blanc, and J. Glowinski. Some evidence for the existence of dopaminergic neurons in the rat cortex. Brain Res. 50: 230–234, 1973.
 487. Thoa, N. B., D. G. Johnson, I. J. Kopin, and N. Weiner. Acceleration of catecholamine formation in the guinea pig vas deferens following hypogastric nerve stimulation: roles of tyrosine hydroxylase and new protein synthesis. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 178: 442–449, 1971.
 488. Thoenen, H. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral and central adrenergic neurons by cold‐exposure of rats. Nature 228: 861–862, 1970.
 489. Thoenen, H., I. A. Hendry, K. Stockel, U. Paravicini, and F. Oesch. Regulation of enzyme synthesis by neuronal activity and nerve growth factor. In: Dynamics of Degeneration and Growth in Neurons, edited by K. Fuxe, L. Olson, and Y. Zotterman. Oxford: Pergamon, 1974, p. 53.
 490. Thoenen, H., R. Kettler, W. Burkard, and A. Saner. Neurally mediated control of enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine: are they regulated as an operational unit? Arch. Pharmakol. 270: 146–160, 1971.
 491. Thoenen, H., R. A. Mueller, and J. Axelrod. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity after drug induced alteration of sympathetic transmission. Nature 221: 1264, 1969.
 492. Thoenen, H., R. A. Mueller, and J. Axelrod. Neuronally dependent induction of adrenal phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl‐transferase by 6‐hydroxydopamine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 669–673, 1970.
 493. Thoenen, H., R. A. Mueller, and J. Axelrod. Phase difference in the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in cell body and nerve terminals of sympathetic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 65: 58–62, 1970.
 494. Thoenen, H., A. Saner, R. Kettler, and P. U. Angeletti. Nerve growth factor and preganglionic cholinergic nerves; their relative importance to the development of the terminal adrenergic neuron. Brain Res. 44: 593–602, 1972.
 495. Tipton, K. F. The sub‐mitochondrial localization of monoamine oxidase in rat liver and brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 135: 910–920, 1967.
 496. Tipton, K. F., M. B. H. Youdim, and I. P. C. Spires. Beef adrenal medulla monoamine oxidase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21: 2197–2204, 1972.
 497. Tjälve, H. Catechol‐ and indolamines in some endocrine cell systems. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 360, 1971.
 498. Traiger, G. J., and D. N. Calvert. O‐methylation of 3H‐norepinephrine by epididymal adipose tissue. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18: 109–117, 1969.
 499. Tranzer, J. P., and H. Thoenen. Significance of “empty vesicles” in postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. Experientia 23: 123–124, 1967.
 500. Tranzer, J. P., and H. Thoenen. Electronmicroscopic localization of 5‐hydroxydopamine (3,4,5‐trihydroxy‐phenylethylamine), a new ‘false’ sympathetic transmitter. Experientia 23: 743–745, 1967.
 501. Tranzer, J. P., and H. Thoenen. Various types of aminestoring vesicles in peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals. Experientia 24: 484–486, 1968.
 502. Trendelenburg, U. Factors influencing the concentration of catecholamines at the receptors. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, edited by H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl. Berlin: Springer, 1972, vol. 33, p. 736–761.
 503. Trifaró, J. M., B. Collier, A. Lastowecka, and D. Stein. Inhibition by colchicine and by vinblastine of acetylcholine‐induced catecholamine release from the adrenal gland: an anticholinergic action, not an effect upon microtubules. Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 264–267, 1972.
 504. Trifaró, J., A. M. Poisner, and W. W. Douglas. The fate of the chromaffin granule during catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. I. Unchanged efflux of phospholipid and cholesterol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16: 2095–2100, 1967.
 505. Triggle, D. J. Adrenergic receptors. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 12: 185–196, 1972.
 506. Triner, L., Y. Vulliemoz, M. Verosky, and G. G. Nahas. The effect of catecholamines on adenyl cyclase activity in rat uterus. Life Sci., Part 1 9: 707–712, 1970.
 507. Tsien, R. W., W. Giles, and P. Greengard. Cyclic AMP mediates the effects of adrenaline on cardiac Purkinje fibres. Nature New Biol. 240: 181–183, 1972.
 508. Turner, A. J., F. Ponzio, and S. Algeri. Dihydropteridine reductase in rat brain: regional distribution and the effect of catecholamine‐depleting drugs. Brain Res. 70: 553–558, 1974.
 509. Udenfriend, S., and J. B. Wyngaarden. Precursors of adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20: 48–52, 1956.
 510. Uehara, Y., and G. Burnstock. Postsynaptic specialization of smooth muscle at close of neuromuscular junctions in the guinea pig sphincter pupillae. J. Cell Biol. 53: 849–853, 1972.
 511. Ungerstedt, U. Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367, 1971.
 512. Uretsky, N. J., and L. L. Iversen. Effects of 6‐hydroxydopamine on catecholamine‐containing neurons in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 17: 269–278, 1970.
 513. Valk, A. De T., and H. L. Price. The chemical estimation of epinephrine and norepinephrine in human and canine plasma. I. A critique of the ethylenediamine condensation method. J. Clin. Invest. 35: 837–841, 1956.
 514. Van Der Shoot, J. B., and C. R. Creveling. Substrates and inhibitors of dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Advan. Drug Res. 2: 47–88, 1965.
 515. Vane, J. R. The estimation of catecholamines by biological assay. Pharmacol. Rev. 18: 317–324, 1966.
 516. Van Orden, L. S., Iii, K. G. Bensch, and N. J. Giarman. Histochemical and functional relationships of catecholamines in adrenergic nerve endings. II. Extravesicular norepinephrine. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 155: 428–439, 1967.
 517. Van Orden, L. S., Iii, K. G. Bensch, S. Z. Langer, and U. Trendelenburg. Histochemical and fine structural aspects of the onset of denervation supersensitivity in the nictitating membrane of the spinal cat. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 157: 274–283, 1967.
 518. Van Orden, L. S., Iii, F. E. Bloom, R. J. Barrnett, and N. J. Giarman. Histochemical and functional relationships of catecholamines in adrenergic nerve endings. I. Participation of granular vesicles. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 154: 185–199, 1966.
 519. Van Orden, L. S., Iii, J. M. Schaefer, J. P. Burke, and F. V. Lodoen. Differentiation of norepinephrine storage compartments in peripheral adrenergic nerves. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 174: 357–368, 1970.
 520. Venter, J. C., J. E. Dixon, P. R. Maroko, and N. O. Kaplan. Biologically active catecholamines covalently bound to glass beads. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 69: 1141–1145, 1972.
 521. Viveros, O. H., L. Arqueros, R. J. Connett, and N. Kirshner. Mechanism of secretion from the adrenal medulla. III. Studies of dopamine β‐hydroxylase as a marker for catecholamine storage vesicle membranes in rabbit adrenal glands. Mol. Pharmacol. 5: 60–68, 1969.
 522. Viveros, O. H., L. Arqueros, and N. Kirshner. Release of catecholamines and dopamine β‐oxidase from the adrenal medulla. Life Sci., Part 1 7: 609–618, 1968.
 523. Vogt, M. The concentration of sympathin in different parts of the central nervous system under normal conditions and after administration of drugs. J. Physiol. London 123: 451–481, 1954.
 524. Volkman, P. H., and A. Heller. Pineal N‐acetyltransferase activity: effect of sympathetic stimulation. Science 173: 839–840, 1971.
 525. Wallace, E. F., M. J. Krantz, and W. Lovenberg. Dopamine β‐hydroxylase: a tetrameric glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 70: 2253–2255, 1973.
 526. Wallace, E. F., and W. Lovenberg. Studies on the carbohydrate moiety of dopamine β‐hydroxylase: interaction of the enzyme with Concanavalin A. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. US 71: 3217–3220, 1974.
 527. Waltman, S., and M. Sears. Catechol‐O‐methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase activity in the ocular tissues of albino rabbits. Invest. Ophthalmol. 3: 601–605, 1964.
 528. Watanabe, A. M., and H. R. Besch. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulation of slow calcium influx channels in guinea pig hearts. Circulation Res. 35: 316–324, 1974.
 529. Waymire, J. C., N. Weiner, F. H. Schneider, M. Goldstein, and L. S. Freeman. Tyrosine hydroxylase in human adrenal and phaeochromocytoma: localization, kinetics and catecholamine inhibition. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 1798–1804, 1972.
 530. Weiner, N. Regulation of norepinephrine biosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 10: 273–290, 1970.
 531. Weiner, N., G. Cloutier, R. Bjur, and R. I. Pfeffer. Modification of norepinephrine synthesis in intact tissue by drugs and during short‐term adrenergic nerve stimulation. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 203–221, 1972.
 532. Weiner, N., and M. Rabadjija. The regulation of norepinephrine synthesis: effect of puromycin on the accelerated synthesis of norepinephrine associated with nerve stimulation. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 164: 103–114, 1968.
 533. Weiner, N., and I. Selvaratnam. The effect of tyramine on the synthesis of norepinephrine. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 161: 21–33, 1968.
 534. Weinshilboum, R. M., and J. Axelrod. Reduced plasma dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity in familial dysautonomia. New Engl. J. Med. 285: 938–942, 1971.
 535. Weinshilboum, R. M., and J. Axelrod. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity. Circulation Res. 28: 307–315, 1971.
 536. Weinshilboum, R. M., and J. Axelrod. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase: decrease after chemical sympathectomy. Science 173: 931–934, 1971.
 537. Weinshilboum, R. M., R. Kvetnansky, J. Axelrod, and I. J. Kopin. Elevation of serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity with forced immobilization. Nature New Biol. 230: 287–288, 1971.
 538. Weinshilboum, R. M., F. A. Raymond, L. R. Elveback, and W. H. Weidman. Serum dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity: sibling‐sibling correlation. Science 181: 943–945, 1973.
 539. Weiss, B. Effect of environmental lighting and chronic denervation on the activation of adenyl cyclase of rat pineal gland by norepinephrine and sodium fluoride. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 168: 146–152, 1969.
 540. Weiss, B., and E. Costa. Selective stimulation of adenyl cyclase of rat pineal gland by pharmacologically active catecholamines. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 161: 310–319, 1968.
 541. Weiss, B. F., H. N. Munro, L. A. Ordonez, and R. J. Wurtman. Dopamine: mediator of brain polysome disaggregation after L‐dopa. Science 177: 613–615, 1972.
 542. Weiss, J. L., C. K. Cohn, and T. N. Chase. Reduction of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase activity by chronic L‐dopa therapy. Nature 234: 218–219, 1971.
 543. Wennmalm, A. Studies on mechanisms controlling the secretion of neurotransmitters in the rabbit heart. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 365, 1971.
 544. Westermann, E., and K. Stock. Inhibitors of lipolysis: potency and mode of action of α‐ and β‐adrenolytics, methoxamine derivatives, prostaglandin E1 and phenylisopropyl adenosine. In: Adipose Tissue, edited by B. Jeanrenaud and D. Hepp. New York: Academic, 1970, p. 47–54.
 545. Winkler, H. The membrane of the chromaffin granule. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 261: 293–303, 1971.
 546. Winkler, H., H. Hörtnagl, J. A. L. Schöpf, H. Hörtnagl, and G. Zur Nedden. Bovine adrenal medulla: synthesis and secretion of radioactively labelled catecholamines and chromogranins. Arch. Pharmacol. 271: 193–203, 1971.
 547. Winkler, H., J. A. L. Schöpf, H. Hörtnagl, and H. Hörtnagl. Bovine adrenal medulla: subcellular distribution of newly synthesised catecholamines, nucleotides and chromogranins. Arch. Pharmacol. 273: 43–61, 1972.
 548. Wolfe, D. E., L. T. Potter, K. C. Richardson, and J. Axelrod. Localizing tritiated norepinephrine in sympathetic axons by electron microscopic autoradiography. Science 138: 440–442, 1962.
 549. Wood, J. G., and R. J. Barrnett. Histochemical demonstration of norepinephrine at a fine structural level. J. Histochem. Cyctochem. 12: 197–209, 1964.
 550. Woods, R. Acrylic aldehyde in sodium dichromate as a fixative for identifying catecholamine storage sites with the electron microscope. J. Physiol. London 203: 35–36, 1967.
 551. Wooten, G. F., and J. T. Coyle. Axonal transport of catecholamine synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes. J. Neurochem. 20: 1361–1371, 1973.
 552. Wurtman, R. J., and J. Axelrod. Control of enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla by adrenal cortical hormones. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 2301–2305, 1966.
 553. Wurtman, R. J., J. Axelrod, and J. Tramezzani. Distribution of the adrenaline‐forming enzyme in the adrenal gland of a snake, Xeondon merremii. Nature 215: 879–880, 1967.
 554. Wurtman, R. J., J. Axelrod, E. S. Vesell, and G. T. Ross. Species differences in inducibility of phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl transferase. Endocrinology 82: 584–590, 1968.
 555. Yang, H‐Y. T., C. Goridis, and N. H. Neff. Properties of monoamine oxidase in sympathetic nerve and pineal gland. J. Neurochem. 19: 1241–1250, 1972.
 556. Youdim, M. B. H. Multiple forms of mitchondrial monoamine oxidase. Brit. Med. Bull. 29: 120–122, 1973.
 557. Zaimis, E., L. Berk, and B. A. Callingham. Morphological, biochemical and functional changes in the sympathetic nervous system of rats treated with nerve growth factor antiserum. Nature 206: 1220–1222, 1965.
 558. Zigmond, R. E., F. Schon, and L. L. Iversen. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus of rat brain stem after reserpine treatment and cold stress. Brain Res. 70: 547–552, 1974.
 559. Zolovick, A. J., R. Pearse, K. W. Boehlke, and B. E. Eleftheriou. Monoamine oxidase activity in various parts of the rat brain during the estrous cycle. Science 154: 649, 1966.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

L. B. Geffen, B. Jarrott. Cellular Aspects of Catecholaminergic Neurons. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 1: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Cellular Biology of Neurons: 521-571. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010115