Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

The Aging Pancreas: Effects of Aging on Insulin Secretion and Action

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Age and Body Composition
2 Association of Age to Fasting Glucose and Insulin
3 Insulin Action (Animal Studies)
3.1 Maturation and Glucose Transport
3.2 GLUT‐4 and Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase
4 Insulin Action (Human Studies)
4.1 Abdominal Obesity and Free Fatty Acids
4.2 Blood Flow
4.3 Physical Activity
4.4 Effects of Diet
5 Insulin Secretion
5.1 Pancreatic Morphology
5.2 Insulin Secretion and Free Fatty Acids
5.3 Relationship with Circulating Glucose and Age
5.4 Glucose Clamp Studies
6 Insulin Clearance
7 Insulin Secretion at The Organ, Islet and Single‐Cell Level
7.1 Insulin Secretion In Situ
7.2 Insulin Secretion from Isolated Islets of Langerhans
7.3 Insulin Secretion from Single Beta Cells
7.4 Insulin Genes
7.5 Single Cell Secretion
8 Glucagon
9 Pancreatic Polypeptide
10 Amylin
11 Somatostatin
12 Conclusion
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Plasma glucose (A) and insulin (B) concentrations during OGTT in young and older subjects with normal, high normal, impaired or type II diabetes glucose tolerance, and in older subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance as a result of insulin deficiency. These data demonstrated that the degree of normal or abnormal response of both insulin and glucose to an OGTT depends more on subject selection and characterization than on the effects of aging, per se.

[From Kohrt et al. 105.]
Figure 2. Figure 2.

GLUT‐4 content of various muscle taken from rats at 5 weeks and 4 months of age. These data demonstrate that the impaired glucose uptake seen with maturation is not caused by a decreased muscle GLUT‐4 content.

[Redrawn from Reed et al. 160.]
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Body weight accumulation rats consuming a low‐fat, complex carbohydrate diet (LFCC) vs. a high fat‐sucrose diet (HFS). At age 24 months the weight of animals fed a high fat diet was 37% greater than that of the LFCC rats.

[Redrawn from data in Barnard et al. 7.]
Figure 4. Figure 4.

These calculated (not measured directly) data demonstrated that the amount of insulin secreted per β cell is markedly reduced in 12 and 18 month compared to 2 and 6 month rats.

[From Bosco et al. 23.]
Figure 5. Figure 5.

These data show that fewer beta cells from old rats form plaques in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay at all concentrations of glucose stimulation at both ten minutes of stimulation (A) and after one hour of stimulation (B).

[From Perfetti et al. 145.]
Figure 6. Figure 6.

These data show that the amount of insulin secretion per beta cell (as determined by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay) is significantly lower in cells from old compared to young rats.

[From Perfetti et al. 145.]


Figure 1.

Plasma glucose (A) and insulin (B) concentrations during OGTT in young and older subjects with normal, high normal, impaired or type II diabetes glucose tolerance, and in older subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance as a result of insulin deficiency. These data demonstrated that the degree of normal or abnormal response of both insulin and glucose to an OGTT depends more on subject selection and characterization than on the effects of aging, per se.

[From Kohrt et al. 105.]


Figure 2.

GLUT‐4 content of various muscle taken from rats at 5 weeks and 4 months of age. These data demonstrate that the impaired glucose uptake seen with maturation is not caused by a decreased muscle GLUT‐4 content.

[Redrawn from Reed et al. 160.]


Figure 3.

Body weight accumulation rats consuming a low‐fat, complex carbohydrate diet (LFCC) vs. a high fat‐sucrose diet (HFS). At age 24 months the weight of animals fed a high fat diet was 37% greater than that of the LFCC rats.

[Redrawn from data in Barnard et al. 7.]


Figure 4.

These calculated (not measured directly) data demonstrated that the amount of insulin secreted per β cell is markedly reduced in 12 and 18 month compared to 2 and 6 month rats.

[From Bosco et al. 23.]


Figure 5.

These data show that fewer beta cells from old rats form plaques in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay at all concentrations of glucose stimulation at both ten minutes of stimulation (A) and after one hour of stimulation (B).

[From Perfetti et al. 145.]


Figure 6.

These data show that the amount of insulin secretion per beta cell (as determined by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay) is significantly lower in cells from old compared to young rats.

[From Perfetti et al. 145.]
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William J. Evans, Peter A. Farrell. The Aging Pancreas: Effects of Aging on Insulin Secretion and Action. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 21: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism: 969-998. First published in print 2001. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp070232