Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Surface and Internal Morphology of Skeletal Muscle

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Methods for Surface Morphology
1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
1.2 Freeze‐Replica Technique
2 Organization of Muscle Tissue
3 Fiber Surface
3.1 Endomysium
3.2 Basal Lamina
3.3 Sarcolemma
4 Fiber Interior
4.1 Exposure of Fiber Interior
4.2 Myofibrils
4.3 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T System
4.4 Mitochondria
5 Neuromuscular Junction
6 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Skeletal muscle fibers (M1, M2, M3) appear as cylindrical units aligned in parallel bundles. Faint cross striations are visible along individual fibers. Coarse collagenous fibers of the endomysium run in various directions over and between muscle fibers (arrows). Teased preparation of frog sartorius muscle fixed with tannic acid‐OsO4.

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Vascular corrosion cast of mouse soleus muscle. A: low‐power SEM. B: high‐power SEM. Capillary networks show a ladderlike pattern in this contracted state of muscle and are arranged in layers surrounding individual muscle fibers, which are dissolved away with all other tissue components. Note few occurrences of broken ends in the capillary casts.

From M. Kurotaki, unpublished observations
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Frog sartorius muscle fiber. Fiber surface is covered by a fibrous layer, through which cross striations are visible.

Figure 4. Figure 4.

Fibrous layer on surface of frog sartorius muscle fiber. Collagenous fibrils densely cover muscle fiber and take a predominantly longitudinal course. Cross striations can be seen through fibrous layer (arrowheads).

Figure 5. Figure 5.

Outer aspect of basal lamina of a frog sartorius muscle fiber. A: low‐power SEM. Basal lamina is exposed where fibrous layer (CF) is stripped off. Cross striations (arrows) can be seen more clearly through the lamina than through the fibrous layer. B: high‐power SEM. Outer aspect of basal lamina shows a feltlike structure, in which fine filamentous networks appear to be embedded in granular and amorphous materials.

Figure 6. Figure 6.

Appearance of end of a rat sternothyroid muscle fiber. Treatment with HCl after fixation completely removes connective tissue components from surface of muscle fiber. At the myotendon junction the conical end of a muscle fiber is characterized by formation of many longitudinal processes, clefts, and invaginations. Fingerlike processes are predominant at the peripheral portion.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Appearance of end of a frog extensor digitorum longus muscle fiber. End of this muscle fiber is characterized predominantly by invaginations and clefts.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Appearance of frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma exposed by freeze‐fracture. Freeze‐fracture of glycerol‐immersed muscle can cleave the sarcolemma in a wide expanse. Exposed surface represents P face of sarcolemma and clearly shows characteristic cross striatum of underlying myofibrils. Fibrous layer (FL) is seen where the fracture plane leaves the sarcolemma (SL). [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]

Figure 9. Figure 9.

Frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma exposed by freeze‐fracture. A: numerous pits are seen on the P face, distributed predominantly at the level of the I band and in interfibrillar regions. B: freeze‐fracture replica. A similar distribution of pits is observed in replica preparations. These pits represent surface openings of T tubules and caveolae. Arrows indicate level of Z band.

Figure 10. Figure 10.

Inner surface of frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma. A: low‐power SEM. True inner surface is characterized by clusters of small spherical vesicles, which represent caveolae, and by tubular and saccular structures attached on the surface. These structures tend to be distributed in a cross‐striated pattern. B: high‐power SEM of part of A. Caveolae show a uniform diameter of 60 nm (arrowheads) and often are linked to form rosettelike clusters. Tubular structures are closely associated with caveolae. Filaments appear to adhere to the surface.

Figure 11. Figure 11.

Appearance of muscle fiber interior. Interior is partly exposed (I), showing closely packed, cross‐striated myofibrils. Outer surface is covered by a filamentous layer (O). [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]

Figure 12. Figure 12.

Appearance of myofibril. Where myofibrils are longitudinally split, characteristic sarcomere pattern (A, I, Z, M) and filament organization clearly are seen.

Figure 13. Figure 13.

Myofibrils of frog sartorius muscle. A: SEM. B: freeze‐etch replica. Replica prepared by rapid freezing of an unfixed, fresh tissue and by rotary shadowing after freeze‐fracture etching. Note banding pattern of myofibrils (A, I, Z, M) in different preparations.

Figure 14. Figure 14.

Frog sartorius muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubule. A: SEM. B: freeze‐fracture replica. Regional differentiation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is clearly discernible in both preparations [see Peachey 41]. T, T tubule.

Figure 15. Figure 15.

Frog sartorius muscle triad. Note granular projections (arrows) on terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) facing the T tubule. Behind these structures are thin myofilaments in the I band. [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]

Figure 16. Figure 16.

Innervating nerve and neuromuscular junction of Chinese hamster sternothyroid muscle. Nerve (N) forms side branches (B) that terminate on muscle fibers (M) to form neuromuscular junctions (asterisks). Cap, capillary. [From Desaki and Uehara 9.]

Figure 17. Figure 17.

Thin‐section electron micrographs of neuromuscular junction of mouse diaphragm. A: branch (N) of a motor axon approaches a muscle fiber (M) to form neuromuscular junction (asterisks). Myelin sheath is lost just before terminal arborization (arrows). Cap, capillary. Compare with Fig. 16B: en face view of subneural apparatus showing characteristic pattern of junctional folds (JF). Compare with Fig. 18A.

Figure 18. Figure 18.

Neuromuscular junction. En face views of subneural apparatuses from adult (A) and 10‐day‐old (B) rats. Note extent of elaboration of synaptic troughs (ST) with junctional folds in adult and developing muscles. M, muscle fiber.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Neuromuscular junction. A: frog sartorius muscle. Subneural apparatus reflects en plaque type of nerve ending. Synaptic troughs (ST) are elongated along the muscle fiber (M). B. finch latissimus dorsi anterior muscle. En grappe type of nerve ending.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations


Figure 1.

Skeletal muscle fibers (M1, M2, M3) appear as cylindrical units aligned in parallel bundles. Faint cross striations are visible along individual fibers. Coarse collagenous fibers of the endomysium run in various directions over and between muscle fibers (arrows). Teased preparation of frog sartorius muscle fixed with tannic acid‐OsO4.



Figure 2.

Vascular corrosion cast of mouse soleus muscle. A: low‐power SEM. B: high‐power SEM. Capillary networks show a ladderlike pattern in this contracted state of muscle and are arranged in layers surrounding individual muscle fibers, which are dissolved away with all other tissue components. Note few occurrences of broken ends in the capillary casts.

From M. Kurotaki, unpublished observations


Figure 3.

Frog sartorius muscle fiber. Fiber surface is covered by a fibrous layer, through which cross striations are visible.



Figure 4.

Fibrous layer on surface of frog sartorius muscle fiber. Collagenous fibrils densely cover muscle fiber and take a predominantly longitudinal course. Cross striations can be seen through fibrous layer (arrowheads).



Figure 5.

Outer aspect of basal lamina of a frog sartorius muscle fiber. A: low‐power SEM. Basal lamina is exposed where fibrous layer (CF) is stripped off. Cross striations (arrows) can be seen more clearly through the lamina than through the fibrous layer. B: high‐power SEM. Outer aspect of basal lamina shows a feltlike structure, in which fine filamentous networks appear to be embedded in granular and amorphous materials.



Figure 6.

Appearance of end of a rat sternothyroid muscle fiber. Treatment with HCl after fixation completely removes connective tissue components from surface of muscle fiber. At the myotendon junction the conical end of a muscle fiber is characterized by formation of many longitudinal processes, clefts, and invaginations. Fingerlike processes are predominant at the peripheral portion.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations


Figure 7.

Appearance of end of a frog extensor digitorum longus muscle fiber. End of this muscle fiber is characterized predominantly by invaginations and clefts.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations


Figure 8.

Appearance of frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma exposed by freeze‐fracture. Freeze‐fracture of glycerol‐immersed muscle can cleave the sarcolemma in a wide expanse. Exposed surface represents P face of sarcolemma and clearly shows characteristic cross striatum of underlying myofibrils. Fibrous layer (FL) is seen where the fracture plane leaves the sarcolemma (SL). [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]



Figure 9.

Frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma exposed by freeze‐fracture. A: numerous pits are seen on the P face, distributed predominantly at the level of the I band and in interfibrillar regions. B: freeze‐fracture replica. A similar distribution of pits is observed in replica preparations. These pits represent surface openings of T tubules and caveolae. Arrows indicate level of Z band.



Figure 10.

Inner surface of frog sartorius muscle sarcolemma. A: low‐power SEM. True inner surface is characterized by clusters of small spherical vesicles, which represent caveolae, and by tubular and saccular structures attached on the surface. These structures tend to be distributed in a cross‐striated pattern. B: high‐power SEM of part of A. Caveolae show a uniform diameter of 60 nm (arrowheads) and often are linked to form rosettelike clusters. Tubular structures are closely associated with caveolae. Filaments appear to adhere to the surface.



Figure 11.

Appearance of muscle fiber interior. Interior is partly exposed (I), showing closely packed, cross‐striated myofibrils. Outer surface is covered by a filamentous layer (O). [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]



Figure 12.

Appearance of myofibril. Where myofibrils are longitudinally split, characteristic sarcomere pattern (A, I, Z, M) and filament organization clearly are seen.



Figure 13.

Myofibrils of frog sartorius muscle. A: SEM. B: freeze‐etch replica. Replica prepared by rapid freezing of an unfixed, fresh tissue and by rotary shadowing after freeze‐fracture etching. Note banding pattern of myofibrils (A, I, Z, M) in different preparations.



Figure 14.

Frog sartorius muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubule. A: SEM. B: freeze‐fracture replica. Regional differentiation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is clearly discernible in both preparations [see Peachey 41]. T, T tubule.



Figure 15.

Frog sartorius muscle triad. Note granular projections (arrows) on terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) facing the T tubule. Behind these structures are thin myofilaments in the I band. [From Sawada, Ishikawa, and Yamada 52.]



Figure 16.

Innervating nerve and neuromuscular junction of Chinese hamster sternothyroid muscle. Nerve (N) forms side branches (B) that terminate on muscle fibers (M) to form neuromuscular junctions (asterisks). Cap, capillary. [From Desaki and Uehara 9.]



Figure 17.

Thin‐section electron micrographs of neuromuscular junction of mouse diaphragm. A: branch (N) of a motor axon approaches a muscle fiber (M) to form neuromuscular junction (asterisks). Myelin sheath is lost just before terminal arborization (arrows). Cap, capillary. Compare with Fig. 16B: en face view of subneural apparatus showing characteristic pattern of junctional folds (JF). Compare with Fig. 18A.



Figure 18.

Neuromuscular junction. En face views of subneural apparatuses from adult (A) and 10‐day‐old (B) rats. Note extent of elaboration of synaptic troughs (ST) with junctional folds in adult and developing muscles. M, muscle fiber.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations


Figure 19.

Neuromuscular junction. A: frog sartorius muscle. Subneural apparatus reflects en plaque type of nerve ending. Synaptic troughs (ST) are elongated along the muscle fiber (M). B. finch latissimus dorsi anterior muscle. En grappe type of nerve ending.

From J. Desaki and Y. Uehara, unpublished observations
References
 1. Ashraf, M., and H. D. Sybers. Scanning electron microscopy of ischemic heart. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1974, edited by O. Johari and I. Corvin. Chicago: Illinois Inst. Technol. Res. Inst., 1974, p. 722–728.
 2. Beringer, T. A freeze‐fracture study of sarcoplasmic reticulum from fast and slow muscle of the mouse. Anat. Rec. 184: 647–664, 1975.
 3. Bertaud, W. S., D. G. Rayns, and F. O. Simpson. Freeze‐etch studies on fish skeletal muscle. J. Cell Sci. 6: 537–557, 1970.
 4. Boyde, A., and J. C. P. Williams. Surface morphology of frog striated muscle as prepared for and examined in the scanning electron microscope. J. Physiol. London 197: 10–11, 1968.
 5. Branton, D. Fracture faces of frozen membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55: 1048–1056, 1966.
 6. Bray, D. F., and D. G. Rayns. A comparative freeze‐etch study of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of avian fast and slow muscle fibers. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 57: 251–259, 1976.
 7. Cohen, S. H. Dry Ice fixation of myofibrils for scanning electron microscopy. Stain Technol. 51: 43–45, 1976.
 8. Couteaux, R. Motor end‐plate structure. In: The Structure and Function of Muscle, edited by G. H. Bourne. New York: Academic, 1960, vol. 1, p. 337–380.
 9. Desaki, J., and Y. Uehara. The overall morphology of neuromuscular junctions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Neurocytol. 10: 101–110, 1981.
 10. Dulhunty, A. F., and C. Franzini‐Armstrong. The relative contributions of the folds and caveolae to the surface membrane of frog skeletal muscle fibres at different sarcomere lengths. J. Physiol. London 250: 513–539, 1975.
 11. Evan, A. P., W. G. Dail, D. Dammrose, and C. Palmer. Scanning electron microscopy of cell surface following removal of extracellular material. Anat. Rec. 185: 433–446, 1976.
 12. Franzini‐Armstrong, C. Studies of the triad. IV. Structure of the junction in frog slow fibers. J. Cell Biol. 56: 120–128, 1973.
 13. Geissinger, H. D., and I. Gringer. Correlated scanning electron microscopy in transmission (STEM) and reflection (SEM) on sections of skeletal muscle. Mikroskopie 32: 329–333, 1976.
 14. Geissinger, H. D., S. Yamashiro, and C. A. Ackerly. Preparation of skeletal muscle for intermicroscopic (LM, SEM, TEM) correlation. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1978, edited by R. P. Becker and O. Johari. O'Hare, IL: SEM Inc., 1978, vol. II, p. 267–274.
 15. Gelber, D., D. H. Moore, and H. Ruska. Observations of the myo‐tendon junction in mammalian skeletal muscle. Z. Zell‐forsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 52: 396–400, 1960.
 16. Gunji, T., M. Wakita, and S. Kobayashi. Conductive staining in SEM with especial reference to tissue transparency. Scanning 3: 227–232, 1980.
 17. Hamano, M., T. Otaka, T. Nagatani, and T. Tanaka. A frozen liquid cracking method for high resolution scanning electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 22: 298, 1973.
 18. Hayes, R. L., and E. R. Allen. Electron‐microscopic studies on a double‐stranded beaded filament of embryonic collagen. J. Cell Sci. 2: 419–434, 1967.
 19. Heuser, J. E., and M. W. Kirschner. Filament organization revealed in platinum replicas of freeze‐dried cytoskeletons. J. Cell Biol. 86: 212–234, 1980.
 20. Heuser, J. E., and T. S. Reese. Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 57: 315–344, 1973.
 21. Heuser, J. E., T. S. Reese, M. J. Dennis, Y. Jan, L. Jan, and L. Evans. Synaptic vesicle exocytosis captured by quick freezing and correlated with quantal transmitter release. J. Cell Biol. 81: 275–300, 1979.
 22. Humphreys, W. J., B. O. Spurlock, and J. S. Johnson. Critical point drying of ethanol‐infiltrated, cryofractured biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1974, edited by O. Johari and I. Corvin. Chicago: Illinois Inst. Technol. Res. Inst., 1974, p. 276–282.
 23. Huxley, H. E., and W. Brown. The low angle X‐ray diagram of vertebrate striated muscle and its behavior during contraction and rigor. J. Mol. Biol. 30: 383–434, 1967.
 24. Ishikawa, H. The fine structure of myo‐tendon junction in some mammalian skeletal muscles. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 25: 275–296, 1965.
 25. Ishikawa, H. Formation of elaborate networks of T‐system tubules in cultured skeletal muscle with special reference to the T‐system formation. J. Cell Biol. 38: 51–66, 1968.
 26. Ishikawa, H., Y. Fukuda, and E. Yamada. Freeze‐replica observations on frog sartorius muscle. I. Sarcolemmal specialization. J. Electron Microsc. 24: 97–107, 1975.
 27. Kelly, D. E. The fine structure of skeletal muscle triad junctions. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 29: 37–49, 1969.
 28. Kelly, D. E., and A. M. Kuda. Subunits of the triadic junction in fast skeletal muscle as revealed by freeze fracture. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 68: 220–233, 1979.
 29. Kurotaki, M. Observations on blood capillary arrangements in the striated muscle by plastic injection method. Acta Anat. Nippon 55: 336, 1980.
 30. Mauro, A., and W. R. Adams. The structure of the sarcolemma of the frog skeletal muscle fiber. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. Suppl. 10: 177–185, 1961.
 31. Mccallister, L. P., and R. Hadek. Transmission electron microscopy and stereo ultrastructure of the T‐system in frog skeletal muscle. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 33: 360–368, 1970.
 32. Mccallister, L. P., V. R. Mumaw, and B. L. Munger. Stereo ultrastructure of cardiac membrane system in the rat heart. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1974, edited by O. Johari and I. Corvin. Chicago: Illinois Inst. Technol. Res. Inst., 1974, p. 714–719.
 33. Mcdonald, L. W., R. F. W. Pease, and T. L. Hayes. Scanning electron microscopy of sectioned tissue. Lab. Invest. 16: 532–538, 1967.
 34. Moor, H., and K. MÜHlethaler. Fine structure in frozen‐etched yeast cells. J. Cell Biol. 17: 609–628, 1963.
 35. Murakami, T. Application of the scanning electron microscope to the study of the fine distribution of the blood vessels. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 32: 445–454, 1971.
 36. Murakami, T. A metal impregnation method of biological specimens for SEM. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 35: 323–326, 1973.
 37. Murakami, T. A revised tannin‐osmium method for noncoated SEM specimens. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 36: 189–193, 1974.
 38. Myklebust, R., H. Dalen, and T. S. Saetersdal. A comparative study in the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope of intracellular structures in sheep heart muscle cells. J. Microsc. Oxford 105: 57–65, 1975.
 39. Nemnic, M. K. Critical point drying, cryofracture, and serial sectioning. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1972, edited by O. Johari. Chicago: Illinois Inst. Technol. Res. Inst., 1972, p. 297–304.
 40. Pachter, B. R., J. Davidowitz, B. Zimmer, and G. M. Breinin. Scanning electron microscopy of etched Epon extraocular muscle sections. J. Microsc. Oxford 99: 85–90, 1973.
 41. Peachey, L. D. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules of the frog's sartorius. J. Cell Biol. 25: 209–231, 1965.
 42. Pepe, F. A. Stucture of the myosin filament of striated muscle. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 22: 75–96, 1971.
 43. Poh, T., R. L. J. Altenhoff, S. Abraham, and T. Hayes. Scanning electron microscopy of myocardial sections originally prepared for the light microscopy. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 14: 404–407, 1971.
 44. Rayns, D. G. Myofilaments and cross‐bridges as demonstrated by freeze‐fracturing and etching. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 40: 103–121, 1972.
 45. Rayns, D. G. Freeze‐fracturing and freeze‐etching of cardiac myosin filaments. J. Microsc. Oxford 103: 215–226, 1975.
 46. Rayns, D. G., C. E. Devine, and G. L. Sutherland. Freeze fracture studies of membrane systems in vertebrate muscle. I. Striated muscle. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 50: 306–321, 1975.
 47. Rayns, D. G., F. O. Simpson, and W. S. Bertaud. Transverse tubule apertures in mammalian myocardial cells: surface array. Science 156: 656–657, 1967.
 48. Rayns, D. G., F. O. Simpson, and W. S. Bertaud. Surface features of striated muscle cells. I. Guinea‐pig cardiac muscle. J. Cell Sci. 3: 467–474, 1968.
 49. Rayns, D. G., F. O. Simpson, and W. S. Bertaud. Surface features of striated muscle cells. II. Guinea‐pig skeletal muscle. J. Cell Sci. 3: 475–482, 1968.
 50. Robertson, J. D. Some features of the ultrastructure of reptilian skeletal muscle. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 2: 369–394, 1956.
 51. Sakuragawa, N., T. Sato, and T. Tsubaki. Scanning electron microscopic study of skeletal muscle. Normal, dystrophic, and neurogenic atrophic muscle in mice and humans. Arch. Neurol. Chicago 28: 247–251, 1973.
 52. Sawada, H., H. Ishikawa, and E. Yamada. High resolution scanning electron microscopy of frog sartorius muscle. Tissue Cell 10: 179–190, 1978.
 53. Schaller, D. R., and W. P. Powrie. Scanning electron microscopic study of skeletal muscle from rainbow trout, turkey and beef. J. Food Sci. 36: 552–559, 1971.
 54. Schmalbruch, H. The membrane systems in different fibre types of the triceps surae muscle of cat. Cell Tissue Res. 204: 187–200, 1979.
 55. Shotton, D. M., J. E. Heuser, B. F. Reese, and T. S. Reese. Postsynaptic membrane folds of the frog neuromuscular junction visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Neuroscience 4: 427–435, 1979.
 56. Smith, D. S., and H. C. Aldrich. Membrane systems of freeze‐etched striated muscle. Tissue Cell 3: 261–281, 1971.
 57. Sybers, H. D., and M. Ashraf. Scanning electron microscopy of cardiac muscle. Lab. Invest. 30: 441–450, 1974.
 58. Sybers, H. D., and C. A. Sheldon. SEM techniques for cardiac cells in fetal, adult and pathologic heart. In: Scanning Electron Microscopy/1975, edited by O. Johari and I. Corvin. Chicago: Illinois Inst. Technol. Res. Inst., 1975, p. 276–280.
 59. Tanaka, K. Freezed resin cracking method for scanning electron microscopy of biological materials. Naturwissenschaften 59: 77, 1972.
 60. Tanaka, K. Application of secondary electron and backscattered electron images for biological research. J. Electron Microsc. 29: 76, 1980.
 61. Tanaka, K., A. Iino, and T. Naguro. Stylene resin cracking method for observing biological materials by scanning electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 23: 313–315, 1974.
 62. Uehara, Y., and K. Suyama. Visualization of the adventitial aspect of the vascular smooth muscle cells under the scanning electron microscope. J. Electron Microsc. 27: 157–159, 1978.
 63. Usukura, J., H. Ishikawa, and E. Yamada. Fine structure of unfixed frog sartorius muscle as revealed by deep‐etch‐replica and freeze‐substitution methods. J. Electron Microsc. 30: 237, 1981.
 64. Wickham, M. G., and D. M. Worthen. Correlation of scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the same tissue sample. Stain Technol. 48: 63–68, 1973.
 65. Woods, P. S., and M. C. Ledbetter. Cell organelles and uncoated cryofractured surfaces as viewed with the scanning electron microscope. J. Cell Sci. 21: 47–58, 1976.
 66. Zacks, S. I. The Motor Endplate. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1964.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

Harunori Ishikawa, Hajime Sawada, Eichi Yamada. Surface and Internal Morphology of Skeletal Muscle. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 27: Handbook of Physiology, Skeletal Muscle: 1-21. First published in print 1983. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp100101