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Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation

Tao Yang, Saroj Chakraborty, Juthika Mandal, Xue Mei, Bina Joe

10.1002/cphy.c200009

Source: Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2021

Published online: April 2021

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The study of microbes has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a surge in our understanding that humans host a plethora of commensal microbes, which reside in their bodies and depending upon their composition, contribute to either normal physiology or pathophysiology. This article provides a general foundation for learning about host‐commensal microbial interactions as an emerging area of research. The article is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to introducing commensal microbiota and its known effects on the host. The second section is on metabolites, which are biochemicals that the host and the microbes use for bi‐directional communication with each other. Together, the sections review what is known about how microbes interact with the host to impact cardiovascular physiology, especially blood pressure regulation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1731‐1757, 2021.

Figure 1. Figure 1. Methods to evaluate the contribution of gut microbiota to host physiology. This figure illustrates the methods that are commonly used to investigate gut microbiota. (A) Antibiotics treatment to eliminate bacterial population. It is useful to simply demonstrate the involvement of gut microbiota in the phenotype of interest. However, this method generates a model with depletion of uncertain bacterial population, which makes it hard to interpret the exact role of bacteria in the observed phenotype. Reused, with permission, from Adnan S, et al., 2017 3, Mell B, et al., 2015 194, and Vanderpool C, et al., 2008 297. (B) Microbiota transplantation from donors to recipients. This method allows to investigate the role of gut microbiota as whole in the recipients. The observed phenotype is, at least partially, attributable to the gut microbiota of the donors. The lower efficiency in colonization of anaerobic bacteria in the recipients is a limitation. (C) Cecectomy is an invasive surgery to remove cecum from the host. This method efficiently removes all the bacteria in the cecum where active fermentation occurs. Therefore, the removal of cecectomy affects not only bacterial composition but also major fermentation‐derived metabolites. (D) Germ‐free (GF) rat is a powerful tool to investigate the role of gut microbiota. Monocolonization of bacteria enables the scientist to investigate the role of single bacterial species in the host. One drawback of GF is the incomplete immune system. Therefore, the observed phenotype of bacterial colonization may be relevant to how immature immunity develops and responds to the colonized bacteria.


Figure 1. Methods to evaluate the contribution of gut microbiota to host physiology. This figure illustrates the methods that are commonly used to investigate gut microbiota. (A) Antibiotics treatment to eliminate bacterial population. It is useful to simply demonstrate the involvement of gut microbiota in the phenotype of interest. However, this method generates a model with depletion of uncertain bacterial population, which makes it hard to interpret the exact role of bacteria in the observed phenotype. Reused, with permission, from Adnan S, et al., 2017 3, Mell B, et al., 2015 194, and Vanderpool C, et al., 2008 297. (B) Microbiota transplantation from donors to recipients. This method allows to investigate the role of gut microbiota as whole in the recipients. The observed phenotype is, at least partially, attributable to the gut microbiota of the donors. The lower efficiency in colonization of anaerobic bacteria in the recipients is a limitation. (C) Cecectomy is an invasive surgery to remove cecum from the host. This method efficiently removes all the bacteria in the cecum where active fermentation occurs. Therefore, the removal of cecectomy affects not only bacterial composition but also major fermentation‐derived metabolites. (D) Germ‐free (GF) rat is a powerful tool to investigate the role of gut microbiota. Monocolonization of bacteria enables the scientist to investigate the role of single bacterial species in the host. One drawback of GF is the incomplete immune system. Therefore, the observed phenotype of bacterial colonization may be relevant to how immature immunity develops and responds to the colonized bacteria.
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Article Title: Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation
 

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Tao Yang, Saroj Chakraborty, Juthika Mandal, Xue Mei, Bina Joe. Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation. Compr Physiol 2021, 11: 1731-1757. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c200009