Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library
For Librarians For Authors Editors About

Trans‐System Mechanisms Against Ischemic Myocardial Injury

Shu Q. Liu, Xin‐Liang Ma, Gangjian Qin, Qingping Liu, Yan‐Chun Li, Yu H. Wu

10.1002/cphy.c140026

Source: Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2015

Published online: December 2014

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

A mammalian organism possesses a hierarchy of naturally evolved protective mechanisms against ischemic myocardial injury at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. These mechanisms comprise regional protective processes, including upregulation and secretion of paracrine cell‐survival factors, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and resident stem cell‐based cardiomyocyte regeneration. There are also interactive protective processes between the injured heart, circulation, and selected remote organs, defined as trans‐system protective mechanisms, including upregulation and secretion of endocrine cell‐survival factors from the liver and adipose tissue as well as mobilization of bone marrow, splenic, and hepatic cells to the injury site to mediate myocardial protection and repair. The injured heart and activated remote organs exploit molecular and cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, mobilization, and/or extracellular matrix production, to establish protective mechanisms. Both regional and trans‐system cardioprotective mechanisms are mediated by paracrine and endocrine messengers and act in coordination and synergy to maximize the protective effect, minimize myocardial infarction, and improve myocardial function, ensuring the survival and timely repair of the injured heart. The concept of the trans‐system protective mechanisms may be generalized to other organ systems—injury in one organ may initiate regional as well as trans‐system protective responses, thereby minimizing injury and ensuring the survival of the entire organism. Selected trans‐system processes may serve as core protective mechanisms that can be exploited by selected organs in injury. These naturally evolved protective mechanisms are the foundation for developing protective strategies for myocardial infarction and injury‐induced disorders in other organ systems. © 2015 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 5:167‐192, 2015.

Comprehensive Physiology offers downloadable PowerPoint presentations of figures for non-profit, educational use, provided the content is not modified and full credit is given to the author and publication.

Download a PowerPoint presentation of all images


Figure 1. Figure 1. Genome‐wide profiling of mRNA transcription demonstrating upregulation of AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, and TFF3 mRNAs in hepatocytes from mice with sham operation (time 0) or myocardial ischemia. The “Relative level” is defined as a fold‐change in reference to the sham control level. SAA1 and SAA2, acute phase protein genes, were used as positive controls for the presence of liver inflammation. The dashed lines represent transcription of the β actin gene (202).
Figure 2. Figure 2. Identification of liver‐derived cardioprotective proteins. (A) TTC‐stained left ventricular specimens from mice with 24‐hr myocardial ischemia administered with PBS or recombinant AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, or TFF3 immediately post myocardial ischemia (50 ng/gm each, single dose, IV). A combination of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, identified as cardioprotective proteins, was administered with a similar strategy (50 ng/gm each). The intact myocardium was stained red and the infarct remains unstained. Scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Graphic representation of the influence of PBS, AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, or TFF3 administration on the degree of myocardial infarcts at 24 hrs. The influence of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3 in combination is also presented (5 SPs or secreted proteins). Means and SDs are presented (n = 8 each group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 for comparisons between hepatic protein(s) and PBS. # P < 0.05 and ### P < 0.001 for comparisons between a single hepatic protein and the combination of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3 (196).
Figure 3. Figure 3. Mobilization of hepatic cells into the circulatory system in response to myocardial ischemia. (A) A fluorescence micrograph showing circulating EYFP‐positive cells (green) from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. (B) Expression of CK19 (red) in a circulating EYFP‐positive cell (green) from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Blue: cell nuclei for panels A and B. Scale: 10 μm. (C) Graphic representation of circulating EYFP‐positive cells with reference to the total nucleated blood cells in Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham‐operation (open circles) and myocardial ischemia (solid circles) as well as in C57BL/6 mice with myocardial ischemia (solid squares) measured by fluorescence microscopy. Means and standard deviations are presented (P < 0.001 for changes in Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with myocardial ischemia by ANOVA, n = 6 each time). (D) Flow cytometry analysis of EYFP‐positive cells from the liver of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation and from the blood of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation or myocardial ischemia (MI). A standard level of fluorescence intensity (the left side of the red rectangle) was established based on hepatic cell samples from Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice and used to assess the population size of blood‐borne EYFP‐positive cells. The fraction shown in each panel represents the mean and standard deviation of the EYFP‐positive cell population size from six tests (199).
Figure 4. Figure 4. Characterization of the Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse model. (A) Expression of EYFP (green) in a liver specimen from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse. H: hepatocyte. BE: biliary epithelial cell. Red: cytokeratin‐19, an epithelial cell marker expressed in biliary epithelial cells. (B) Expression of CD45 (red) in periductular cells of a liver specimen from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse. Blue: cell nuclei for both panels. Scale: 100 μm (199).
Figure 5. Figure 5. Leukocyte migration into the liver parenchyma in myocardial ischemia and the role of IL‐6 in mediating leukocyte migration. (A) Fluorescence micrographs showing the lack of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with sham operation at day 5. Panel A2 is a magnified image of the selected area in A1 (white rectangle). (B) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) retained in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel B2 is a magnified image of the selected area in B1. (C) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) with coexpression of MMP2 (green) in the liver parenchyma of a C57BL/6J mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. (D) Association of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) with mobilized EYFP‐positive hepatic cells (green) within a central vein of the liver of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel D2 and D3 are magnified images of the left and right white rectangles, respectively, from D1. (E) Fluorescence micrographs showing the lack of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) in the liver of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel E2 is a magnified image of the selected area in E1. (F) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) retained in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia with IL‐6 administration. Panel F2 is a magnified image of the selected area in F1. For panel A, B, D‐F, the green color represents EYFP. For panel A‐F, the blue color is for cell nuclei and the scale bars are 10 μm. (G) Graphic representation of the relative density of CD45‐positive leukocytes migrated into the liver parenchyma of mice with sham‐operation (open circles) and myocardial ischemia (solid circles) by fluorescence microscopy. Means and SDs are presented (P < 0.001 for changes in myocardial ischemia by ANOVA, n = 6 each time). Specimens at time zero were prepared from healthy mice. (H) Influence of IL6 on CD45‐positive leukocyte migration into the liver parenchyma of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP (Cre‐EYFP) and Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− (IL6−/−) mice with sham‐operation or myocardial ischemia. In panel G and H, the fraction of liver‐retained CD45‐positive leukocytes was calculated with reference to the total liver cells. (I) Flow cytometry analysis of liver cells derived from Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation or myocardial ischemia at day 5, showing CD45‐positive leukocyte retention in the liver parenchyma in myocardial ischemia (199).
Figure 6. Figure 6. AZAN‐stained left ventricular sections from mice with ischemic myocardial injury administered with PBS or hepatic proteins, including AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, showing the cardioprotective effect of the liver‐derived proteins. Scale bar: 1 mm (196).
Figure 7. Figure 7. Left ventricular dp/dt (A) and echocardiographs (B) from mice with 5‐day sham operation or ischemic myocardial injury administrated with PBS or hepatic proteins, including AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, showing the beneficial effect of the liver‐derived proteins on left ventricular function. MI: Myocardial ischemia. Hep: Hepatic (196).
Figure 8. Figure 8. Influence of siRNA‐mediated FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 gene silencing on the degree of myocardial infarcts. (A) AZAN‐stained left ventricular sections from FGF21−/− mice administered with a control, FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 siRNA (siRNA injected into the myocardium at 3 days prior to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, specimens collected at 5 days following myocardial injury). These mice were administered intravenously with recombinant FGF21 immediately following myocardial injury for 3 days with a 12 hr interval to establish FGF21‐based myocardial protection. Scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Graphic representation of the influence of siRNA‐mediated FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 gene silencing on the degree of myocardial infarcts at day 5. Means and SDs are presented (n = 7) (197).


Figure 1. Genome‐wide profiling of mRNA transcription demonstrating upregulation of AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, and TFF3 mRNAs in hepatocytes from mice with sham operation (time 0) or myocardial ischemia. The “Relative level” is defined as a fold‐change in reference to the sham control level. SAA1 and SAA2, acute phase protein genes, were used as positive controls for the presence of liver inflammation. The dashed lines represent transcription of the β actin gene (202).


Figure 2. Identification of liver‐derived cardioprotective proteins. (A) TTC‐stained left ventricular specimens from mice with 24‐hr myocardial ischemia administered with PBS or recombinant AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, or TFF3 immediately post myocardial ischemia (50 ng/gm each, single dose, IV). A combination of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, identified as cardioprotective proteins, was administered with a similar strategy (50 ng/gm each). The intact myocardium was stained red and the infarct remains unstained. Scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Graphic representation of the influence of PBS, AGP2, BMPER, CXCL13, FGF21, NRG4, PRG4, or TFF3 administration on the degree of myocardial infarcts at 24 hrs. The influence of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3 in combination is also presented (5 SPs or secreted proteins). Means and SDs are presented (n = 8 each group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 for comparisons between hepatic protein(s) and PBS. # P < 0.05 and ### P < 0.001 for comparisons between a single hepatic protein and the combination of AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3 (196).


Figure 3. Mobilization of hepatic cells into the circulatory system in response to myocardial ischemia. (A) A fluorescence micrograph showing circulating EYFP‐positive cells (green) from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. (B) Expression of CK19 (red) in a circulating EYFP‐positive cell (green) from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Blue: cell nuclei for panels A and B. Scale: 10 μm. (C) Graphic representation of circulating EYFP‐positive cells with reference to the total nucleated blood cells in Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham‐operation (open circles) and myocardial ischemia (solid circles) as well as in C57BL/6 mice with myocardial ischemia (solid squares) measured by fluorescence microscopy. Means and standard deviations are presented (P < 0.001 for changes in Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with myocardial ischemia by ANOVA, n = 6 each time). (D) Flow cytometry analysis of EYFP‐positive cells from the liver of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation and from the blood of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation or myocardial ischemia (MI). A standard level of fluorescence intensity (the left side of the red rectangle) was established based on hepatic cell samples from Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice and used to assess the population size of blood‐borne EYFP‐positive cells. The fraction shown in each panel represents the mean and standard deviation of the EYFP‐positive cell population size from six tests (199).


Figure 4. Characterization of the Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse model. (A) Expression of EYFP (green) in a liver specimen from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse. H: hepatocyte. BE: biliary epithelial cell. Red: cytokeratin‐19, an epithelial cell marker expressed in biliary epithelial cells. (B) Expression of CD45 (red) in periductular cells of a liver specimen from an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse. Blue: cell nuclei for both panels. Scale: 100 μm (199).


Figure 5. Leukocyte migration into the liver parenchyma in myocardial ischemia and the role of IL‐6 in mediating leukocyte migration. (A) Fluorescence micrographs showing the lack of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with sham operation at day 5. Panel A2 is a magnified image of the selected area in A1 (white rectangle). (B) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) retained in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel B2 is a magnified image of the selected area in B1. (C) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) with coexpression of MMP2 (green) in the liver parenchyma of a C57BL/6J mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. (D) Association of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) with mobilized EYFP‐positive hepatic cells (green) within a central vein of the liver of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel D2 and D3 are magnified images of the left and right white rectangles, respectively, from D1. (E) Fluorescence micrographs showing the lack of CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) in the liver of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia. Panel E2 is a magnified image of the selected area in E1. (F) CD45‐positive leukocytes (red) retained in the liver parenchyma of an Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− mouse with 5‐day myocardial ischemia with IL‐6 administration. Panel F2 is a magnified image of the selected area in F1. For panel A, B, D‐F, the green color represents EYFP. For panel A‐F, the blue color is for cell nuclei and the scale bars are 10 μm. (G) Graphic representation of the relative density of CD45‐positive leukocytes migrated into the liver parenchyma of mice with sham‐operation (open circles) and myocardial ischemia (solid circles) by fluorescence microscopy. Means and SDs are presented (P < 0.001 for changes in myocardial ischemia by ANOVA, n = 6 each time). Specimens at time zero were prepared from healthy mice. (H) Influence of IL6 on CD45‐positive leukocyte migration into the liver parenchyma of Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP (Cre‐EYFP) and Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP;IL6−/− (IL6−/−) mice with sham‐operation or myocardial ischemia. In panel G and H, the fraction of liver‐retained CD45‐positive leukocytes was calculated with reference to the total liver cells. (I) Flow cytometry analysis of liver cells derived from Alb‐Cre;Stopflox‐EYFP mice with sham operation or myocardial ischemia at day 5, showing CD45‐positive leukocyte retention in the liver parenchyma in myocardial ischemia (199).


Figure 6. AZAN‐stained left ventricular sections from mice with ischemic myocardial injury administered with PBS or hepatic proteins, including AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, showing the cardioprotective effect of the liver‐derived proteins. Scale bar: 1 mm (196).


Figure 7. Left ventricular dp/dt (A) and echocardiographs (B) from mice with 5‐day sham operation or ischemic myocardial injury administrated with PBS or hepatic proteins, including AGP2, BMPER, FGF21, NRG4, and TFF3, showing the beneficial effect of the liver‐derived proteins on left ventricular function. MI: Myocardial ischemia. Hep: Hepatic (196).


Figure 8. Influence of siRNA‐mediated FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 gene silencing on the degree of myocardial infarcts. (A) AZAN‐stained left ventricular sections from FGF21−/− mice administered with a control, FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 siRNA (siRNA injected into the myocardium at 3 days prior to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, specimens collected at 5 days following myocardial injury). These mice were administered intravenously with recombinant FGF21 immediately following myocardial injury for 3 days with a 12 hr interval to establish FGF21‐based myocardial protection. Scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Graphic representation of the influence of siRNA‐mediated FGFR1, β‐Klotho, PI3K p110, or Akt1 gene silencing on the degree of myocardial infarcts at day 5. Means and SDs are presented (n = 7) (197).
References
 1. Adachi T , Alam R . The mechanism of IL‐5 signal transduction. Am J Physiol 275: C623‐C633, 1998.
 2. Akdis M , Burgler S , Crameri R , Eiwegger T , Fujita H , Gomez E , Klunker S , Meyer N , O'Mahony L , Palomares O , Rhyner C , Ouaked N , Schaffartzik A , Van De Veen W , Zeller S , Zimmermann M , Akdis CA . Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon‐γ: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127: 701‐21, 2011.
 3. Allen SJ , Crown SE , Handel TM . Chemokine: Receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism. Annu Rev Immunol 25: 787‐820, 2007.
 4. Amin AP , Salisbury AC , McCullough PA , Gosch K , Spertus JA , Venkitachalam L , Stolker JM , Parikh CR , Masoudi FA , Jones PG , Kosiborod M . Trends in the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 172: 246‐253, 2012.
 5. Andersen P , Eika C . Thrombin‐, epinephrine‐ and collagen‐induced platelet aggregation inhibited by α1‐acid glycoprotein. Scand J Haematol 24: 365‐372, 1980.
 6. Anversa P , Kajstura J , Rota M , Leri A . Regenerating new heart with stem cells. J Clin Invest 123: 62‐70, 2013.
 7. Asahara T , Takahashi T , Masuda H , Kalka C , Chen D , Iwaguro H , Inai Y , Silver M , Isner JM . VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J 18: 3964‐3972, 1999.
 8. Askari AT , Unzek S , Popovic ZB , Goldman CK , Forudi F , Kiedrowski M , Rovner A , Ellis SG , Thomas JD , DiCorleto PE , Topol EJ , Penn MS . Effect of stromal‐cell‐derived factor 1 on stem‐cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 362: 697‐703, 2003.
 9. Babyatsky MW , de Beaumont M , Thim L , Podolsky DK . Oral trefoil peptides protect against ethanol‐ and indomethacin‐induced gastric injury in rats. Gastroenterology 110: 489‐497, 1996.
 10. Bach EA , Aguet M , Schreiber RD . The IFN gamma receptor: A paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 563‐591, 1997.
 11. Bacon K , Baggiolini M , Broxmeyer H , Horuk R , Lindley I , Mantovani A , Maysushima K , Murphy P , Nomiyama H , Oppenheim J , Rot A , Schall T , Tsang M , Thorpe R , Van Damme J , Wadhwa M , Yoshie O , Zlotnik A , Zoon K ; IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature. Chemokine/chemokine receptor nomenclature. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22: 1067‐1068, 2002.
 12. Badman MK , Pissios P , Kennedy AR , Koukos G , Flier JS , Maratos‐Flier E . Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARα and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states. Cell Metab 5: 426‐437, 2007.
 13. Baggiolini M . Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature 392: 565‐568, 1998.
 14. Balakumar P , Rohilla A , Singh M . Pre‐conditioning and postconditioning to limit ischemia–reperfusion‐induced myocardial injury: What could be the next footstep? Pharmacol Res 57: 403‐412, 2008.
 15. Balbay Y , Tikiz H , Baptiste RJ , Ayaz S , Sasmaz H , Korkmaz S . Circulating interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and soluble ICAM‐1 in patients with chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction. Angiology 52: 109‐14, 2001.
 16. Basu S , Dunn A , Ward A . G‐CSF: Function and modes of action. Int J Mol Med 10: 3‐10, 2002.
 17. Baud V , Karin M . Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives. Trends Cell Biol 11: 372‐377, 2001.
 18. Bazzoni F , Beutler B . The Tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. New Engl J Med 334: 1717‐1724, 1996.
 19. Beenken A , Mohammadi M . The FGF family: Biology, pathophysiology and therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 235‐253, 2009.
 20. Bell RM , Yellon DM . Bradykinin limits infarction when administered as an adjunct to reperfusion in mouse heart: The role of P18K, Akt and eNOS. J Mol Cell Cardiol 35: 185‐193, 2003.
 21. Bell SP , Sack MN , Patel A , Opie LH , Yellon DM . Opioid receptor stimulation mimics ischemic preconditioning in human heart muscle. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 2296‐2302, 2000.
 22. Ben Asouli Y , Banai Y , Pel‐Or Y , Shir A , Kaempfer R . Human interferon‐gamma mRNA autoregulates its translation through a pseudoknot that activates the interferon inducible protein kinase PKR. Cell 108:221‐232, 2002.
 23. Bezbradica JS , Medzhitov R . Integration of cytokine and heterologous receptor signaling pathways. Nat Immunol 10: 333‐339, 2009.
 24. Biasucci LM , Liuzzo G , Fantuzzi G , Caligiuri G , Rebuzzi AG , Ginnetti F , Dinarello CA , Maseri A . Increasing levels of interleukin (IL)‐1Ra and IL‐6 during the first 2 days of hospitalization in unstable angina are associated with increased risk of in‐hospital coronary events. Circulation 99: 2079‐2084, 1999.
 25. Binnerts ME , Wen X , Cante‐Barrett K , Bright J , Chen HT , Asundi V , Sattari P , Tang T , Boyle B , Funk W , Rupp F . Human Crossveinless‐2 is a novel inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 315: 272‐280, 2004.
 26. Birnbaum Y , Hale SL , Kloner RA . Ischemic preconditioning at a distance: Reduction of myocardial infarct size by partial reduction of blood supply combined with rapid stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle in the rabbit. Circulation 96: 1641‐1646, 1997.
 27. Bogoyevitch MA . An update on the cardiac effects of erythropoietin cardioprotection by erythropoietin and the lessons learnt from studies in neuroprotection. Cardiovasc Res 63: 208‐216, 2004.
 28. Bolli R , Becker L , Gross G , Mentzer R Jr , Balshaw D , Lathrop DA . Myocardial protection at a crossroads: The need for translation into clinical therapy. Circ Res 95: 125‐134, 2004.
 29. Bolli R . Preconditioning: A paradigm shift in the biology of myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H19‐H27, 2007.
 30. Bonvini RF , Hendiri T , Camenzind E . Inflammatory response post‐myocardial infarction and reperfusion: A new therapeutic target? Eur Heart J 7 (Suppl. I): I27‐I36, 2005.
 31. Boraschi D , Tagliabue A . The interleukin‐1 receptor family. Vitam Horm 74: 229‐254, 2006.
 32. Borish LC , Steinke JW . Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(Suppl. 2): S460‐S475, 2003.
 33. Boutten A , Dehoux M , Deschenes M , Rouzeau JD , Bories PN , Durand G . α1‐Acid glycoprotein potentiates lipopolysaccharideinduced secretion of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α by human monocytes and alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Eur J Immunol 22: 2687‐2695, 1992.
 34. Bowie A , O'Neill LA . The interleukin‐1 receptor/Toll‐like receptor superfamily: Signal generators for pro‐inflammatory interleukins and microbial products. J Leukoc Biol 67: 508‐514, 2000.
 35. Brar BK , Stephanou A , Pennica D , Latchman DS . CT‐1 mediated cardioprotection against ischaemic re‐oxygenation injury is mediated by PI3 kinase, Akt and MEK1/2 pathways. Cytokine 16: 93‐96, 2001.
 36. Bridgham JT , Carroll SM , Thornton JW . Evolution of hormone‐receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science 312: 97‐101, 2006.
 37. Brikos C , Wait R , Begum S , O'Neill LA , Saklatvala J . Mass spectrometric analysis of the endogenous type I interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) receptor signaling complex formed after IL‐1 binding identifies IL‐1RAcP, MyD88, and IRAK‐4 as the stable components. Mol Cell Proteomics 6: 1551‐1559, 2007.
 38. Brines ML , Ghezzi P , Keenan S , Agnello D , de Lanerolle NC , Cerami C , Itri LM , Cerami A . Erythropoietin crosses the blood‐brain barrier to protect against experimental brain injury. PNAS 97: 10526‐10531, 2000.
 39. Brocker C , Thompson D , Matsumoto A , Nebert DW , Vasiliou V . Evolutionary divergence and functions of the human interleukin (IL) gene family. Hum Genomics 5: 30‐55, 2010.
 40. Buerke M , Murohara T , Skurk C , Nuss C , Tomaselli K , Lefer AM . Cardioprotective effect of insulin‐like growth factor I in myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. PNAS 92: 8031‐8035, 1995.
 41. Burger D , Xenocostas A , Feng QP . Molecular basis of cardioprotection by erythropoietin. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2: 56‐69, 2009.
 42. Cai C‐L , Liang X , Shi Y , Chu P‐H , Pfaff SL , Chen J , Evans S . Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart. Dev Cell 5: 877‐889, 2003.
 43. Cameron MJ , Kelvin DJ . Cytokines and chemokines–their receptors and their genes: an overview. Adv Exp Med Biol 520: 8‐32, 2003.
 44. Chang SH , Dong C . Signaling of interleukin‐17 family cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Cell Signal 23: 1069‐1075, 2011.
 45. Chang SH , Reynolds JM , Pappu BP , Chen G , Martinez GJ , Dong C . Interleukin‐17C promotes Th17 cell responses and autoimmune disease via interleukin‐17 receptor E. Immunity 35: 611‐621, 2011.
 46. Chen L , Willis SN , Wei A , Smith BJ , Fletcher JI , Hinds MG , Colman PM , Day CL , Adams JM , Huang DC . Differential targeting of prosurvival Bcl‐2 proteins by their BH3‐only ligands allows complementary apoptotic function. Mol Cell 17: 393‐403, 2005.
 47. Cheng Z , Ou L , Zhou X , Li F , Jia X , Zhang Y , Liu X , Li Y , Ward, CA , Melo LG , Kong D . Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 gene to infarcted myocardium improves cardiac performance. Mol Ther 16: 571‐579, 2008.
 48. Cheung MM , Kharbanda RK , Konstantinov IE , Shimizu M , Frndova H , Li J , Holtby HM , Cox PN , Smallhorn JF , Van Arsdell GS , Redington AN . Randomized controlled trial of the effects of remote ischemic preconditioning on children undergoing cardiac surgery: First clinical applications in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: 2277‐2282, 2006.
 49. Chinery R , Poulsom R , Cox HM . The gene encoding mouse intestinal trefoil factor: Structural organization, partial sequence analysis and mapping to murine chromosome 17q. Gene 171: 249‐253, 1996.
 50. Chinnaiyan AM , O'Rourke K , Yu GL , Lyons RH , Garg M , Duan DR , Xing L , Gentz R , Ni J , Dixit VM . Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain‐containing receptor related to TNF‐R1 and CD95. Science 274: 990‐992, 1996.
 51. Chiu KM , Mortensen RF , Osmand AP , Gewurz H . Interactions of α1‐acid glycoprotein with the immune system. I. Purification and effects upon lymphocyte responsiveness. Immunology 32: 997‐1005, 1977.
 52. Clerici M , Levin JM , Kessler HA , Harris A , Berzofsky JA , Landay AL , Shearer GM . HIV‐specific T‐helper activity in seronegative health care workers exposed to contaminated blood. JAMA 271: 42‐46, 1994.
 53. Cohen MV , Downey JM . Adenosine: Trigger and mediator of cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 103: 203‐215, 2008.
 54. Coles E , Christiansen J , Economou A , Bronner‐Fraser M , Wilkinson DG . A vertebrate crossveinless 2 homologue modulates BMP activity and neural crest cell migration. Development 131: 5309‐5317, 2004.
 55. Collison LW , Delgoffe GM , Guy CS , Vignali KM , Chaturvedi V , Fairweather D , Satoskar AR , Garcia KC , Hunter CA , Drake CG , Murray PJ , Vignali DA . The composition and signaling of the IL‐35 receptor are unconventional. Nat Immunol 13: 290‐299, 2012.
 56. Commins SP , Borish L , Steinke JW . Immunologic messenger molecules: Cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: S53‐S72, 2010.
 57. Costello MJ , Fiedel BA , Gewurz H . Inhibition of platelet aggregation by native and desialised α1‐acid glycoprotein. Nature 281: 677‐678, 1979.
 58. Costello MJ , Gewurz H , Siegel JN . Inhibition of neutrophil activation by α1‐acid glycoprotein. Clin Exp Immunol 55: 465‐472, 1984.
 59. Cribier A , Korsatz L , Koning R , Rath P , Garma H , Stix G , Merchant S , Chan C , Letac B . Improved myocardial ischemic response and enhanced collateral circulation with long repetitive coronary occlusion during angioplasty: A prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 578‐586, 1992.
 60. Daemen MA , Heemskerk VH , van't Veer C , Denecker G , Wolfs TG , Vandenabeele P , Buurman WA . Functional protection by acute phase proteins α1‐acid glycoprotein and α1‐antitrypsin against ischemia/reperfusion injury by preventing apoptosis and inflammation. Circulation 102: 1420‐1426, 2000.
 61. Datta SR , Ranger AM , Lin MZ , Sturgill JF , Ma YC , Cowan CW , Dikkes P , Korsmeyer SJ , Greenberg ME . Survival factor‐mediated BAD phosphorylation raises the mitochondrial threshold for apoptosis. Dev Cell 3: 631‐643, 2002.
 62. Davidson SM , Selvaraj P , He D , Boi‐Doku C , Yellon RL , Vicencio JM , Yellon DM . Remote ischaemic preconditioning involves signalling through the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 signalling axis. Basic Res Cardiol 108: 377, 2013.
 63. Davidson SM , Yellon DM . Urocortin: A protective peptide that targets both the myocardium and vasculature. Pharmacol Rep 61: 172‐82, 2009.
 64. Debrunner M , Schuiki E , Minder E , Straumann E , Naegeli B , Mury R , Bertel O , Frielingsdorf J . Proinflammatory cytokines in acute myocardial infarction with and without cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 97: 298‐305, 2008.
 65. DeGroot RP , Coffer PJ , Koenderman L . Regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival by the IL‐3/IL‐5/GM‐CSF receptor family. Cell Signal 9: 619‐628, 1998.
 66. Demetri GD , Griffin JD . Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and its receptor. Blood 78: 2791‐2808, 1991.
 67. Dempsey PW , Doyle SE , He JQ , Cheng G . The signaling adaptors and pathways activated by TNF superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14: 193‐209, 2003.
 68. Dente L , Pizza MG , Metspalu A , Cortese R . Structure and expression of the genes coding for human alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein. EMBO J 6: 2289‐2296, 1987.
 69. Depre C , Kim S‐J , John AS , Huang Y , Rimoldi OE , Pepper JR , Dreyfus GD , Gaussin V , Pennell DJ , Vatner DE , Camici PG , Vatner SF . Program of cell survival underlying human and experimental hibernating myocardium. Circ Res 95: 433‐440, 2004.
 70. Dinarello C , Arend W , Sims J , Smith D , Blumberg H , O'Neill L , Goldbach‐Mansky R , Pizarro T , Hoffman H , Bufler P , Nold M , Ghezzi P , Mantovani A , Garlanda C , Boraschi D , Rubartelli A , Netea M , van der Meer J , Joosten L , Mandrup‐Poulsen T , Donath M , Lewis E , Pfeilschifter J , Martin M , Kracht M , Muehl H , Novick D , Lukic M , Conti B , Solinger A , Kelk P , van de Veerdonk F , Gabel C . IL‐1 family nomenclature. Nat Immunol 11: 973, 2010.
 71. Dinarello CA . Interleukin‐1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood 117: 3720‐3732, 2011.
 72. Dostálová I , Haluzíková D , Haluzík M . Fibroblast growth factor 21: A novel metabolic regulator with potential therapeutic properties in obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 58: 1‐7, 2009.
 73. Downey JM , Davis AM , Cohen MV . Signaling pathways in ischemic preconditioning. Heart Fail Rev 12: 181‐188, 2007.
 74. Du K , Montminy M . CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB. J Biol Chem 273: 32377‐32379, 1998.
 75. Engelmann MG , Theiss HD , Hennig‐Theiss C , Huber A , Wintersperger BJ , Werle‐Ruedinger AE , Schoenberg SO , Steinbeck G , Franz WM . Autologous bone marrow stem cell mobilization induced by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor after subacute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing late revascularization: Final results from the G‐CSF‐STEMI (Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 1712‐1721, 2006.
 76. Dutta P , Courties G , Wei Y , Leuschner F , Gorbatov R , Robbins CS , Iwamoto Y , Thompson B , Carlson AL , Heidt T , Majmudar MD , Lasitschka F , Etzrodt M , Waterman P , Waring MT , Chicoine AT , van der Laan AM , Niessen HW , Piek JJ , Rubin BB , Butany J , Stone JR , Katus HA , Murphy SA , Morrow DA , Sabatine MS , Vinegoni C , Moskowitz MA , Pittet MJ , Libby P , Lin CP , Swirski FK , Weissleder R , Nahrendorf M . Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosis. Nature 487: 325‐329, 2012.
 77. Falls DL . Neuregulins: Functions, forms, and signaling strategies. Exp Cell Res 284: 14‐30, 2003.
 78. Fazel SS , Chen L , Angoulvant D , Li SH , Weisel RD , Keating A , Li RK . Activation of c‐kit is necessary for mobilization of reparative bone marrow progenitor cells in response to cardiac injury. FASEB J 22: 930‐940, 2008.
 79. Feng XH , Derynck R . Specificity and versatility in TGFβ signaling through SMADs. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21: 659‐693, 2005.
 80. Fensterl V , Sen GC . Interferons and viral infections. BioFactors 35: 14‐20, 2009.
 81. Fernandez EJ , Lolis E . Structure, function, and inhibition of chemokines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42: 469‐499, 2002.
 82. Fickenscher H , Hör S , Küpers H , Knappe A , Wittmann S , Sticht H . The interleukin‐10 family of cytokines. Trends Immunol 23: 89‐96, 2002.
 83. Finbloom DS , Winestock KD . IL‐10 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1 and the differential assembly of STAT1 alpha and STAT3 complexes in human T cells and monocytes. J Immunol 155: 1079‐1090, 1995.
 84. Fish EN , Platanias LC . Interferon receptor signaling in malignancy: a network of cellular pathways defining biological outcomes. Mol Cancer Res 2014 [Epub ahead of print].
 85. Fischer P , Hilfiker‐Kleiner D . Survival pathways in hypertrophy and heart failure: The gp130‐STAT3 axis. Basic Res Cardiol 102: 393‐411, 2007.
 86. Fort MM , Cheung J , Yen D , Li J , Zurawski SM , Lo S , Menon S , Clifford T , Hunte B , Lesley R , Muchamuel T , Hurst SD , Zurawski G , Leach MW , Gorman DM , Rennick DM . IL‐25 induces IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 and Th2‐ associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity 15: 985‐995, 2001.
 87. Fournier T , Medjoubi‐N N , Porquet D . Alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482: 157‐171, 2000.
 88. Fox A . Recombinant human erythropoeitin: efficacy and safety considerations for maximizing blood conservation in cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 115: 912‐914, 2011.
 89. Fox BA , Sheppard PO , O'Hara PJ . The role of genomic data in the discovery, annotation and evolutionary interpretation of the interferon‐lambda family. PLoS One 4: e4933, 2009.
 90. Frangogiannis NG , Mendoza LH , Lindsey ML . IL‐10 is induced in the reperfused myocardium and may modulate the reaction to injury. J Immunol 5: 2798‐2808, 2000.
 91. Frangogiannis NG , Youker KA , Rossen RD , Gwechenberger M , Lindsey MH , Mendoza LH , Michael LH , Ballantyne CM , Smith CW , Entman ML . Cytokines and the microcirculation in ischemia and reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30: 2567‐2576, 1998.
 92. Frangogiannisa NG , Smithb CW , Entmana ML . The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 53: 31‐47, 2002.
 93. Friedman MJ . Control of malaria virulence by α1‐acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), an acute‐phase (inflammatory) reactant. PNAS 80: 5421‐5424, 1983.
 94. Fryer RM , Hsu AK , Gross GJ . ERK and p38 MAP kinase activation are components of opioid‐induced delayed cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 96: 136‐142, 2001.
 95. Fuglesteg BN , Suleman N , Tiron C , Kanhema T , Lacerda L , Andreasen TV , Sack MN , Jonassen AK , Mjøs OD , Opie LH , Lecour S . Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is involved in the cardioprotective signalling pathway activated by insulin therapy at reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 103: 444‐53, 2008.
 96. Fukumoto S . Actions and mode of actions of FGF19 subfamily members. Endocr J 55: 23‐31, 2008.
 97. Gadinaa M , Hiltonb D , Johnstonc JA , Morinobua A , Lighvania A , Zhou Y‐J , Viscontia R , O'Shea JJ . Signaling by Type I and II cytokine receptors: Ten years after. Curr Opin Immunol 13: 363‐373, 2001.
 98. Gaffen SL . Signaling domains of the interleukin 2 receptor. Cytokine 14: 63‐77, 2001.
 99. Gao D , Ning N , Niu X , Dang Y , Dong X , Wei J , Zhu C . Erythropoietin treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 164: 715‐727, e1, 2012.
 100. Geissler EN , Liao M , Brook JD , Martin FH , Zsebo KM , Housman DE , Galli SJ . Stem cell factor (SCF), a novel hematopoietic growth factor and ligand for c‐kit tyrosine kinase receptor, maps on human chromosome 12 between 12q14.3 and 12qter. Somat Cell Mol Genet 17: 207‐214, 1991.
 101. Goldman G , Soffer D , Heller L , Aderka D , Lahat A , Klausner JM . Tumour necrosis factor mediates bacterial translocation after haemorrhagic shock and endotoxaemia. Eur J Surg 167: 299‐304, 2001.
 102. Goto M , Liu Y , Yang XM , Ardell JL , Cohen MV , Downey JM . Role of bradykinin in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res 77: 611‐621, 1995.
 103. Gött P , Beck S , Machado JC , Carneiro F , Schmitt H , Blin N . Human trefoil peptides: Genomic structure in 21q22.3 and coordinated expression. Eur J Hum Genet 4: 308‐315, 1996.
 104. Granfeldt A , Lefer DJ , Vinten‐Johansen J . Protective ischaemia in patients: Preconditioning and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 83: 234‐246, 2009.
 105. Guerre‐Millo M , Gervois P , Raspé E , Madsen L , Poulain P , Derudas B , Herbert JM , Winegar DA , Willson TM , Fruchart JC , Berge RK , Staels B . Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity. J Biol Chem 275: 16638‐16642, 2000.
 106. Gustafsson AB , Gottlieb RA . Bcl‐2 family members and apoptosis, taken to heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292: C45‐C51, 2007.
 107. Guthridge MA , Stomski FC , Thomas D , Woodcock JM , Bagley CJ , Berndt MC , Lopez AF . Mechanism of activation of the GM‐CSF, IL‐3, and IL‐5 family of receptors. Stem Cells 16: 301‐313, 1998.
 108. Haan C , Kreis S , Margue C , Behrmann I . Jaks and cytokine receptors ‐ an intimate relationship. Biochem Pharmacol 72: 1538‐1546, 2006.
 109. Haller O , Kochs G , Weber F . Interferon, Mx, and viral countermeasures. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 18: 425‐433, 2007.
 110. Hamilton JA . Colony‐stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 533‐544, 2008.
 111. Harari D , Tzahar E , Romano J , Shelly M , Pierce JH , Andrews GC , Yarden Y . Neuregulin‐4: A novel growth factor that acts through the ErbB‐4 receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 18: 2681‐2689, 1999.
 112. Haroon ZA , Amin K , Jiang X , Arcasoy MO . A novel role for erythropoietin during fibrin‐induced wound‐healing response. Am J Pathol 163: 993‐1000, 2003.
 113. Hattori K , Heissig B , Tashiro K , Honjo T , Tateno M , Shieh JH , Hackett NR , Quitoriano MS , Crystal RG , Rafii S , Moore MA . Plasma elevation of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 induces mobilization of mature and immature hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Blood 97: 3354‐60, 2001.
 114. Hausenloy DJ , Baxter G , Bell R , Bøtker HE , Davidson SM , Downey J , Heusch G , Kitakaze M , Lecour S , Mentzer R , Mocanu MM , Ovize M , Schulz R , Shannon R , Walker M , Walkinshaw G , Yellon DM . Translating novel strategies for cardioprotection: The Hatter Workshop Recommendations. Basic Res Cardiol 105: 677‐686, 2010.
 115. Hausenloy DJ , Mwamure PK , Venugopal V , Harris J , Barnard M , Grundy E , Ashley E , Vichare S , Di Salvo C , Kolvekar S , Hayward M , Keogh B , MacAllister RJ , Yellon DM . Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370: 575‐579, 2007.
 116. Hausenloy DJ , Yellon DM . Survival kinases in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 70: 240‐253, 2006.
 117. Hausenloy DJ , Yellon DM . Cardioprotective growth factors. Cardiovasc Res 83: 179‐194, 2009.
 118. Hausenloy DJ , Yellon DM . Preconditioning and postconditioning: Underlying mechanisms and clinical application. Atherosclerosis 204: 334‐341, 2009.
 119. Hausenloy DJ , Yellon DM . The therapeutic potential of ischemic conditioning: An update. Nat Rev Cardiol 8: 619‐29, 2011.
 120. Hayes NVL , Newsam, RJ , Baines AJ and Gullick, WJ . Characterization of the cell membrane‐associated products of the Neuregulin 4 gene. Oncogene 27: 715‐720, 2008.
 121. He W , Zhang L , Ni A , Zhang Z , Mirotsou M , Mao L , Pratt RE , Dzau VJ . Exogenously administered secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) reduces fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. PNAS 107: 21110‐21115, 2010.
 122. Heinke J , Wehofsits Leonie , Zhou Qian , Zoeller Christoph , Baar Kim‐Miriam , Helbing Thomas , Laib Anna , Augustin Hellmut , Bode Christoph , Patterson Cam , Moser Martin . BMPER is an endothelial cell regulator and controls bone morphogenetic protein‐4–dependent angiogenesis. Circ Res 103: 804‐812, 2008.
 123. Heinrich PC , Behrmann I , Haan S , Hermanns HM , Müller‐Newen G , Schaper F . Principles of interleukin (IL)‐6‐type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374: 1‐20, 2003.
 124. Heinrich PC , Behrmann I , Müller‐Newen G , Schaper F , Graeve L . IL‐6‐type cytokine signalling through the gp130/JAK/STAT pathway. Biochem J 334: 297‐314, 1998.
 125. Hertel SC , Chwieralski CE , Hinz M , Rio MC , Tomasetto C , Hoffmann W . Profiling trefoil factor family (TFF) expression in the mouse: Identification of an antisense TFF1‐related transcript in the kidney and liver. Peptides 25: 755‐762, 2004.
 126. Heusch G , Musiolik J , Kottenberg E , Peters J , Jakob H , Thielmann M . STAT5 activation and cardioprotection by remote ischemic preconditioning in humans: Short communication. Circ Res 110: 111‐115, 2012.
 127. Heusch G , Schulz R , Rahimtoola SH . Myocardial hibernation: A delicate balance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H984‐H999, 2005.
 128. Heusch G . Cardioprotection: Chances and challenges of its translation to the clinic. Lancet 381: 166‐175, 2013.
 129. Ho AS , Wei SH , Mui AL , Miyajima A , Moore KW . Functional regions of the mouse interleukin‐10 receptor cytoplasmic domain. Mol Cell Biol 15: 5043‐5053, 1995.
 130. Hochepied T , Berger FG , Baumann H , Libert C . α1‐Acid glycoprotein: An acute phase protein with inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14: 25‐34, 2003.
 131. Hochepied T , Van Molle W , Berger FG , Baumann H , Libert C . Involvement of the acute phase protein α1‐acid glycoprotein in nonspecific resistance to a lethal gram‐negative infection. J Biol Chem 275: 14903‐14909, 2000.
 132. Hoole SP , Heck PM , Sharples L , Khan SN , Duehmke R , Densem CG , Clarke SC , Shapiro LM , Schofield PM , O'Sullivan M , Dutka DP . Cardiac Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Coronary Stenting (CRISP Stent) Study: A prospective, randomized control trial. Circulation 119: 820‐827, 2009.
 133. Hotta Y , Nakamura H , Konishi M , Murata Y , Takagi H , Matsumura S , Inoue K , Fushiki T , Itoh N . Fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue but is not required for ketogenesis and triglyceride clearance in liver. Endocrinology 150: 4625‐4633, 2009.
 134. Hsu H , Huang J , Shu HB , Baichwal V , Goeddel DV . TNF‐dependent recruitment of the protein kinase RIP to the TNF receptor‐1 signaling complex. Immunity 4: 387‐396, 1996.
 135. Hu X , Dai S , Wu WJ , Tan W , Zhu X , Mu J , Guo Y , Bolli R , Rokosh G . Stromal cell derived factor‐1 alpha confers protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: Role of the cardiac stromal cell derived factor‐1 alpha CXCR4 axis. Circulation 116: 654‐663, 2007.
 136. Huang C , Gu H , Zhang W , Manukyan MC , Shou W , Wang M . SDF‐1/CXCR4 mediates acute protection of cardiac function through myocardial STAT3 signaling following global ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301: H1496‐H1505, 2011.
 137. Huynh J , Kwa MQ , Cook AD , Hamilton JA , Scholz GM . CSF‐1 receptor signalling from endosomes mediates the sustained activation of Erk1/2 and Akt in macrophages. Cell Signal 24: 1753‐1761, 2012.
 138. Ibrahimi OA , Zhang F , Hrstka SC , Mohammadi M , Linhardt RJ . Kinetic model for FGF, FGFR, and proteoglycan signal transduction complex assembly. Biochemistry 43: 4724‐4730, 2004.
 139. Ichikawa Y , Miura T , Nakano A , Miki T , Nakamura Y , Tsuchihashi K , et al. The role of ADAM protease in the tyrosine kinase‐mediated trigger mechanism of ischemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 62: 167‐175, 2004.
 140. Ihle JN . The Janus protein tyrosine kinase family and its role in cytokine signaling. Adv Immunol 60: 1‐35, 1995.
 141. Ikeya M , Kawada M , Kiyonari H , Sasai N , Nakao K , Furuta Y , Sasai Y . Essential pro‐Bmp roles of crossveinless 2 in mouse organogenesis. Development 133: 4463‐4473, 2006.
 142. Inagaki T , Dutchak P , Zhao G , Ding X , Gautron L , Parameswara V , Li Y , Goetz R , Mohammadi M , Esser V , Elmquist JK , Gerard RD , Burgess SC , Hammer RE , Mangelsdorf DJ , Kliewer SA . Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARα‐mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21. Cell Metab 5: 415‐425, 2007.
 143. Ishigame H , Kakuta S , Nagai T , et al. Differential roles of interleukin‐17A and ‐17F in host defense against mucoepithelial bacterial infection and allergic responses. Immunity 30: 108‐119, 2009.
 144. Itoh N , Ornitz DM . Evolution of the Fgf and Fgfr gene families. Trends Genet 20: 563‐569, 2004.
 145. Iwakura Y , Ishigame H , Saijo S , Nakae S . Functional specialization of interleukin‐17 family members. Immunity 34: 149‐162, 2011.
 146. Jacobs M , Staufenberger S , Gergs U , Meuter K , Brandstätter K , Hafner M , Ertl G , Schorb W . Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha at acute myocardial infarction in rats and effects on cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31: 1949‐1959, 1999.
 147. Jacobs P , Radzioch D , Stevenson MM . In vivo regulation of nitric oxide production by tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon, but not by interleukin‐4, during blood stage malaria in mice. Infect Immun 64: 44‐49, 1996.
 148. Jin W , Dong C . IL‐17 cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Emerg Microbes & Infect 2: e60, 2013.
 149. Jugdutt BI . Nitric oxide and cardioprotection during ischemia‐reperfusion. Heart Fail Rev 7: 391‐405, 2002.
 150. Kamimura M , Matsumoto K , Koshiba‐Takeuchi K , Ogura T . Vertebrate crossveinless 2 is secreted and acts as an extracellular modulator of the BMP signaling cascade. Dev Dyn 230: 434‐445, 2004.
 151. Kanamori M , Kai C , Hayashizaki Y , Suzuki H . NF‐kappaB activator Act1 associates with IL‐1/Toll pathway adaptor molecule TRAF6. FEBS Lett 532: 241‐246, 2002.
 152. Kardami E , Detillieux K , Ma X , Jiang Z , Santiago JJ , Jimenez SK , Cattini PA . Fibroblast growth factor‐2 and cardioprotection. Heart Fail Rev 12: 267‐277, 2007.
 153. Kaul D . Molecular link between cholesterol, cytokines and atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 219: 65‐71, 2001.
 154. Kawata H , Yoshida K , Kawamoto A , Kurioka H , Takase E , Sasaki Y , Hatanaka K , Kobayashi M , Ueyama T , Hashimoto T , Dohi K . Ischemic preconditioning upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and neovascularization via nuclear translocation of protein kinase C in the rat ischemic myocardium. Circ Res 88: 696‐704, 2001.
 155. Kelley R , Ren R , Pi X , Wu Y , Moreno I , Willis M , Moser M , Ross M , Podkowa M , Attisano L , Patterson C . A concentration‐dependent endocytic trap and sink mechanism converts Bmper from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp signaling. J Cell Biol 184: 597‐560, 2009.
 156. Kereiakes DJ . Inflammation as a therapeutic target: A unique role for abciximab. Am Heart J 146 (Suppl. 4): S1‐S4, 2003.
 157. Kharbanda RK , Mortensen UM , White PA , Kristiansen SB , Schmidt MR , Hoschtitzky JA , Vogel M , Sorensen K , Redington AN , MacAllister R . Transient limb ischemia induces remote ischemic preconditioning in vivo. Circulation 106: 2881‐2883, 2002.
 158. Kharitonenkov A , Shiyanova TL , Koester A , Ford AM , Micanovic R , Galbreath EJ , Sandusky GE , Hammond LJ , Moyers JS , Owens RA , Gromada J , Brozinick JT , Hawkins ED , Wroblewski VJ , Li DS , Mehrbod F , Jaskunas SR , Shanafelt AB . FGF‐21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest 115: 1627‐1635, 2005.
 159. Kinoshita K , Taupin DR , Itoh H , Podolsky DK . Distinct pathways of cell migration and antiapoptotic response to epithelial injury: Structure‐function analysis of human intestinal trefoil factor. Mol Cell Biol 20: 4680‐4690, 2000.
 160. Kischkel FC , Lawrence DA , Chuntharapai A , Schow P, Kim KJ, Ashkenazi A. Apo2L/TRAIL‐dependent recruitment of endogenous FADD and caspase‐8 to death receptors 4 and 5. Immunity 12: 611‐620, 2000.
 161. Kishore U , Gaboriaud C , Waters P , Shrive AK , Greenhough TJ , Reid KB , Sim RB , Arlaud GJ . C1q and tumor necrosis factor superfamily: Modularity and versatility. Trends Immunol 25: 551‐561, 2004.
 162. Kitamura AMT , Harada N , Yokota T , Arai K . Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 295‐331, 1992.
 163. Kjellev S , Thim L , Pyke C , Poulsen SS . Cellular localization, binding sites, and pharmacologic effects of TFF3 in experimental colitis in mice. Dig Dis Sci 52: 1050‐1059, 2007.
 164. Kleinbongard P , Heusch G , Schulz R . TNFalpha in atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 127: 295‐314, 2010.
 165. Kloner RA , Nesto RW . Glucose‐insulin‐potassium for acute myocardial infarction: Continuing controversy over cardioprotection. Circulation 117: 2523‐2533, 2008.
 166. Kloner RA . Clinical application of remote ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 119: 776‐778, 2009.
 167. Kotenko SV , Gallagher G , Baurin VV , Lewis‐Antes A , Shen M , Shah NK , Langer JA , Sheikh F , Dickensheets H , Donnelly RP . IFN‐λs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat Immunol 4: 69‐77, 2003.
 168. Kubli DA , Gustafsson AB . Mitochondria and mitophagy: The yin and yang of cell death control. Circ Res 111: 1208‐1221, 2012.
 169. Kucia M , Dawn B , Hunt G , Guo Y , Wysoczynski M , Majka M , Ratajczak J , Rezzoug F , Ildstad ST , Bolli R , Ratajczak MZ . Cells expressing early cardiac markers reside in the bone marrow and are mobilized into the peripheral blood after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 95: 1191‐1199, 2004.
 170. Kukielka GL , Smith CW , LaRosa GJ , Manning AM , Mendoza LH , Daly TJ , Hughes BJ , Youker KA , Hawkins HK , Michael LH . Interleukin‐8 gene induction in the myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion in vivo. J Clin Invest 95: 89‐103, 1995.
 171. Kuno K , Matsushima K . The IL‐1 receptor signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol 56 (5): 542‐547, 1994.
 172. Kurrelmeyer KM , Michael LH , Baumgarten G , Taffet GE , Peschon JJ , Sivasubramanian N , Entman ML , Mann DL . Endogenous tumor necrosis factor protects the adult cardiac myocyte against ischemic induced apoptosis in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction. PNAS 97: 5456‐5461, 2000.
 173. Lacerda L , Somers S , Opie HL , Lecour S . Ischemic postconditioning protects against reperfusion injury via the SAFE pathway. Cardiovasc Res 84: 201‐208, 2009.
 174. Lainé E , Couderc R , Roch‐Arveiller M , Vasson MP , Giroud JP , Raichvarg D . Modulation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by α1‐acid glycoprotein. Inflammation 14: 1‐9, 1990.
 175. Laughlin MH , Korthuis RJ , Duncker DJ , Bache RJ . Control of blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle during exercise. Compr Physiol, Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems, 705‐769, 2011. First published in print 1996.
 176. Laugwitz K‐L , Moretti A , Caron L , Nakano A , Chien KR . Islet1 cardiovascular progenitors: A single source for heart lineages? Development 135: 193‐205, 2008.
 177. Laugwitz KL , Moretti A , Lam J , Gruber P , Chen Y , Woodard S , Lin LZ , Cai CL , Lu MM , Reth M , Platoshyn O , Yuan JX , Evans S , Chien KR . Postnatal isl1 +cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages. Nature 433: 647‐653, 2005.
 178. Lecour S , Rochette L , Opie L . Free radicals trigger TNFα‐induced cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 65: 239‐243, 2005.
 179. Lecour S , Suleman N , Deuchar GA , Somers S , Lacerda, L , Huisamen B . Pharmacological preconditioning with tumor necrosis factor‐α activates signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 at reperfusion without involving classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase). Circulation 112: 3911‐3918, 2005.
 180. Lee C , Yen K , Cohen P . Humanin: A harbinger of mitochondrial‐derived peptides? Trends Endocrinol Metab 24: 222‐228, 2013.
 181. Lee SH , Wolf PL , Escudero R , Deutsch R , Jamieson SW , Thistlethwaite PA . Early expression of angiogenesis factors in acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. N Engl J Med 342: 626‐633, 2000.
 182. Lee WW , Marinelli B , van der Laan AM , Sena BF , Gorbatov R , Leuschner F , Dutta P , Iwamoto Y , Ueno T , Begieneman MP , Niessen HW , Piek JJ , Vinegoni C , Pittet MJ , Swirski FK , Tawakol A , Di Carli M , Weissleder R , Nahrendorf M . PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59: 153‐163, 2012.
 183. Lefer AM , Ma XL , Weyrich AS , Scalia R . Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 in feline myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. PNAS 90: 1018‐1022, 1993.
 184. Lefer AM , Tsao P , Aoki N , Palladino MA Jr . Mediation of cardioprotection by transforming growth factor‐beta. Science 249: 61‐64, 1990.
 185. Lefer AM . Attenuation of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury with nitric oxide replacement therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 847‐51, 1995.
 186. Lefevre F , Guillomot M , D'Andrea S , Battegay S , La Bonnardiere C . Interferon‐d: The first member of a novel type I interferon family. Biochimie 80: 779‐788, 1998.
 187. Leri A , Kajstura J , Anversa P . Mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Trends Cardiovasc Med 21: 52‐58, 2011.
 188. Leri A , Kajstura J , Anversa P . Role of cardiac stem cells in cardiac pathophysiology: A paradigm shift in human myocardial biology. Circ Res 109: 941‐961, 2011.
 189. Li A , Dubey S , Varney ML , Dave BJ , Singh RK . IL‐8 directly enhanced endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and matrix metalloproteinases production and regulated angiogenesis. J Immunol 170: 3369‐3376, 2003.
 190. Li H , Chen J , Huang A , Stinson J , Heldens S , Foster J , Dowd P , Gurney AL , Wood WI . Cloning and characterization of IL‐17B and IL‐17C, two new members of the IL‐17 cytokine family. PNAS 97: 773‐778, 2000.
 191. Li H , Zhu H , Xu CJ , Yuan J . Cleavage of BID by caspase‐8 mediates mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 94: 491‐501, 1998.
 192. Li J , Brown LF , Hibberd MG , Grossman JD , Morgan JP , Simons M . VEGF, flk‐1, and flt‐1 expression in a rat myocardial infarction model of angiogenesis. Am J Physiol 270: H1803‐H1811, 1996.
 193. Li S , Strelow A , Fontana EJ , Wesche H . IRAK‐4: A novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an IRAK‐kinase. PNAS 99: 5567‐5572, 2002.
 194. Liu HM , Takagaki K , Schmid K . In vitro nerve‐growth‐promoting activity of human plasma α1‐acid glycoprotein. J Neurosci Res 20: 64‐72, 1988.
 195. Liu SQ . Bioregeenrative Engineering. Principles and Applications. Wiley Interscience, 2007.
 196. Liu SQ , Ren YP , Zhang L‐Q , Li YC , Phillips H , Wu YH . Cardioprotective proteins upregulated in the liver in response to experimental myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303: H1446‐1458, 2012.
 197. Liu SQ , Roberts D , Kharitonenkov A , Li YC , Zhang L‐Q , Wu YC . Cardioprotective action of fibroblast growth factor 21 upregulated and released from the liver and adipose tissue in experimental myocardial Ischemia. Sci Rep 3: 2767, 2013.
 198. Liu SQ , Roberts D , Ren Y , Zhang L‐Q , Wu YH . Trefoil factor 3 as an endocrine neuroprotective factor from the liver in experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 8: e77732, 2013.
 199. Liu SQ , Tefft BJ , Liu C , Zhang B , Wu YH . Regulation of hepatic cell mobilization in experimental myocardial Ischemia. Cell Mol Bioeng 4: 693‐707, 2011.
 200. Liu SQ , Tefft BJ , Roberts D , Schuster DJ , Wu A , Zhang D . Cardioprotective mechanisms activated in response to myocardial ischemia. Mol Cell Biomech 8: 319‐338, 2011.
 201. Liu SQ , Wu YH . Cardioprotective effects of hepatic cell‐derived factors in myocardial ischemia. Curr Top Biochem Res 11: 65‐77, 2009.
 202. Liu SQ , Wu YH . Liver cell‐mediated alleviation of acute ischemic myocardial injury. Front Biosci E2: 711‐724, 2010.
 203. Locksley RM , Killeen N , Lenardo MJ . The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104: 487‐501, 2001.
 204. Lombaert IM , Wierenga PK , Kok T , Kampinga HH , deHaan G , Coppes RP . Mobilization of bone marrow stem cells by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor ameliorates radiation‐induced damage to salivary glands. Clin Cancer Res 12: 1804‐1812, 2006.
 205. Loukogeorgakis SP , Williams R , Panagiotidou AT , Kolvekar SK , Donald A , Cole TJ , Yellon DM , Deanfield JE , MacAllister RJ . Transient limb ischemia induces remote preconditioning and remote postconditioning in humans by a K(ATP)‐channel dependent mechanism. Circulation 116: 1386‐1395, 2007.
 206. Luster AD . Chemokines‐chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 338: 436‐445, 1998.
 207. MacDougald OA , Burant CF . The rapidly expanding family of adipokines. Cell Metab 6: 159‐161, 2007.
 208. Maeda H , Murakami O , Kann M , Yamane I . The growth‐stimulating effect of α1‐acid glycoprotein in cells in culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 163: 223‐227, 1980.
 209. Mahmood A , Melley L , Fitzgerald AJ , Ghosh S , Playford RJ . Trial of trefoil factor 3 enemas, in combination with oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid, for the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate left‐sided ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21: 1357‐1364, 2005.
 210. Malek TR , Castro I . Interleukin‐2 receptor signaling: At the interface between tolerance and immunity. Immunity 33: 153‐65, 2010.
 211. Marber MS , Latchman DS , Walker JM , Yellon DM . Cardiac stress protein elevation 24 hours after brief ischemia or heat stress is associated with resistance to myocardial infarction. Circulation 88: 1264‐1272, 1993.
 212. Marber MS . Ischemic preconditioning in isolated cells. Circ Res 86: 926‐931, 2000.
 213. Marzilli M , Orsini E , Marraccini P , Testa R . Beneficial effects of intracoronary adenosine as an adjunct to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 101: 2154‐2159, 2000.
 214. Mashimo H , Wu DC , Podolsky DK , Fishman MC . Impaired defense of intestinal mucosa in mice lacking intestinal trefoil factor. Science 274: 262‐265, 1996.
 215. Mashimo H , Podolsky DK , Fishman MC . Structure and expression of murine intestinal trefoil factor: high evolutionary conservation and postnatal expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 210: 31‐37, 1995.
 216. Merritt CM , Easteal S , Board PG . Evolution of human alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein genes and surrounding Alu repeats. Genomics 6: 659‐665, 1990.
 217. Merritt CM , Board PG . Structure and characterisation of a duplicated human alpha 1 acid glycoprotein gene. Gene 66: 97‐106, 1988.
 218. Miyajima A , Mui AL , Ogorochi T , Sakamaki K . Receptors for granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐3, and interleukin‐5. Blood 82: 1960‐1974, 1993.
 219. Mohammadi M , Olsen SK , Goetz R . A protein canyon in the FGF‐FGF receptor dimer selects from an à la carte menu of heparan sulfate motifs. Curr Opin Struct Biol 15: 506‐516, 2005.
 220. Moon C , Krawczyk M , Ahn D , Ahmet I , Paik D , Lakatta EG , Talan MI . Erythropoietin reduces myocardial infarction and left ventricular functional decline after coronary artery ligation in rats. PNAS 100: 11612‐11617, 2003.
 221. Moser M , Binder Olav , Wu Yaxu , Aitsebaomo Julius , Ren Rongqin , Bode Christoph , Bautch Victoria L , Conlon Frank L , Patterson Cam . BMPER, a novel endothelial cell precursor‐derived protein, antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein signaling and endothelial cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 23: 5664‐5679, 2003.
 222. Muchitsch EM , Teschner W , Linnau Y , Pichler L . In vivo effect of α1‐acid glycoprotein on experimentally enhanced capillary permeability in guinea‐pig skin. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 331: 313‐321, 1996.
 223. Murdoch C , Finn A . Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 95: 3032‐3043, 2000.
 224. Murphy PM , Baggiolini M , Charo IF , Hébert CA , Horuk R , Matsushima K , Miller LH , Oppenheim JJ , Power CA . International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 52: 145‐176, 2000.
 225. Murray PJ . The JAK‐STAT signaling pathway: Input and output integration. J Immunol 178: 2623‐2629, 2007.
 226. Murry CE , Jennings RB , Reimer KA . Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 74: 1124‐1136, 1986.
 227. Muzumdar RH , Huffman DM , Calvert JW , Jha S , Weinberg Y , Cui L , Nemkal A , Atzmon G , Klein L , Gundewar S , Ji SY , Lavu M , Predmore BL , Lefer DJ . Acute humanin therapy attenuates myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 1940‐1948, 2010.
 228. Nahrendorf M , Swirski FK , Aikawa E , Stangenberg L , Wurdinger T , Figueiredo JL , Libby P , Weissleder R , Pittet MJ . The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med 204: 3037‐3047, 2007.
 229. Nian M , Lee P , Khaper N , Liu P . Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling. Circ Res 94: 1543‐1553, 2004.
 230. Nishimura T , Nakatake Y , Konishi M , Itoh N . Identification of a novel FGF, FGF‐21, preferentially expressed in the liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1492: 203‐206, 2000.
 231. Oppmann B , Lesley R , Blom B , Timans JC , Xu Y , Hunte B , Vega F , Yu N , Wang J , Singh K , Zonin F , Vaisberg E , Churakova T , Liu M , Gorman D , Wagner J , Zurawski S , Liu Y , Abrams JS , Moore KW , Rennick D , de Waal‐Malefyt R , Hannum C , Bazan JF , Kastelein RA . Novel p19 protein engages IL‐12p40 to form a cytokine, IL‐23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL‐12. Immunity 13: 715‐725, 2000.
 232. Orlic D , Kajstura J , Chimenti S , Limana F , Jakoniuk I , Quaini F , Nadal‐Ginard B , Bodine DM , Leri A , Anversa P . Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. PNAS 98: 10344‐10349, 2001.
 233. Ouyang W , Rutz S , Crellin NK , Valdez PA , Hymowitz SG . Regulation and functions of the IL‐10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 29: 71‐109, 2011.
 234. Owyang AM , Zaph C , Wilson EH , Guild KJ , McClanahan T , Miller HR , Cua DJ , Goldschmidt M , Hunter CA , Kastelein RA , Artis D . Interleukin 25 regulates type 2 cytokinedependent immunity and limits chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 203: 843‐849, 2006.
 235. Page B , Young R , Iyer V , Suzuki G , Lis M , Korotchkina L , Patel MS , Blumenthal KM , Fallavollita JA , Canty JM Jr . Persistent regional downregulation in mitochondrial enzymes and upregulation of stress proteins in swine with chronic hibernating myocardium. Circ Res 102: 103‐112, 2008.
 236. Parham C , Chirica M , Timans J , Vaisberg E , Travis M , Cheung J , Pflanz S , Zhang R , Singh KP , Vega F , To W , Wagner J , O'Farrell AM , McClanahan T , Zurawski S , Hannum C , Gorman D , Rennick DM , Kastelein RA , de Waal Malefyt R , Moore KW . A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL‐23 is composed of IL‐12Rβ1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL‐23R. J Immunol 168: 5699‐5708, 2002.
 237. Parikh CR , Coca SG , Wang Y , Masoudi FA , Krumholz HM . Long‐term prognosis of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 168: 987‐995, 2008.
 238. Parsa CJ , Kim J , Riel RU , Pascal LS , Thompson RB , Petrofski JA , Matsumoto A , Stamler JS , Koch WJ . Cardioprotective effects of erythropoietin in the reperfused ischemic heart: A potential role for cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 279: 20655‐20662, 2004.
 239. Pestka S , Krause CD , Walter MR . Interferons, interferon‐like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol Rev 202: 8‐32, 2004.
 240. Petit I , Szyper‐Kravitz M , Nagler A , Lahav M , Peled A , Habler L , Ponomaryov T , Taichman RS , Arenzana‐Seisdedos F , Fujii N , Sandbank J , Zipori D , Lapidot T . G‐CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF‐1 and up‐regulating CXCR4. Nat Immunol 3: 687‐694, 2002.
 241. Pflanz S , Hibbert L , Mattson J , Rosales R , Vaisberg E , Bazan JF , Phillips JH , McClanahan TK , de Waal Malefyt R , Kastelein RA . WSX‐1 and glycoprotein 130 constitute a signal‐transducing receptor for IL‐27. J Immunol 172: 2225‐2231, 2004.
 242. Pinto LA , Sullivan J , Berzofsky JA , Clerici M , Kessler HA , Landay AL , Shearer GM . ENV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV seronegative health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV‐contaminated body fluids. J Clin Invest 96: 867‐876, 1995.
 243. Pixley FJ , Stanley ER . CSF‐1 regulation of the wandering macrophage: Complexity in action. Trends Cell Biol 14:628‐638, 2004.
 244. Platanias LC . Mechanisms of type‐I‐ and type‐II‐interferon‐mediated signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 5: 375‐386, 2005.
 245. Poulsen SS , Kissow H , Hare K , Hartmann B , Thim L . Luminal and parenteral TFF2 and TFF3 dimer and monomer in two models of experimental colitis in the rat. Regul Pept 126: 163‐171, 2005.
 246. Presky DH , Yang H , Minetti LJ , Chua AO , Nabavi N , Wu CY , Gately MK , Gubler U . A functional interleukin 12 receptor complex is composed of two β‐type cytokine receptor subunits. PNAS 93: 14002‐14007, 1996.
 247. Probst JC , Zetzsche T , Weberm M , Theilemann P , Skutella T , Landgraf R , Jirikowski GF . Human intestinal trefoil factor is expressed in human hypothalamus and pituitary: Evidence for a novel neuropeptide. FASEB J 10: 1518‐1523, 1996.
 248. Przyklenk K , Bauer B , Ovize M , Kloner RA , Whittaker P . Regional ischemic “preconditioning” protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion. Circulation 87: 893‐899, 1993.
 249. Rahimtoola SH . Coronary bypass surgery for chronic angina‐1981. Circulation 65: 225‐241, 1982.
 250. Rahimtoola SH . A perspective on the three large multicenter randomized clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery for chronic stable angina. Circulation 72 (Suppl V): V‐123‐V‐135, 1985.
 251. Ralston A , Blair SS . Long‐range Dpp signaling is regulated to restrict BMP signaling to a crossvein competent zone. Dev Biol 280: 187‐200, 2005.
 252. Ramirez‐Carrozzi V , Sambandam A , Luis E , et al. IL‐17C regulates the innate immune function of epithelial cells in an autocrine manner. Nat Immunol 12: 1159‐1166, 2011.
 253. Ransohoff RM . Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Standing at the crossroads of immunobiology and neurobiology. Immunity 31: 711‐721, 2009.
 254. Rentzsch F , Zhang J , Kramer C , Sebald W , Hammerschmidt M . Crossveinless 2 is an essential positive feedback regulator of Bmp signaling during zebrafi sh gastrulation. Development 133: 801‐811, 2006.
 255. Ripa RS , Jørgensen E , Wang Y , Thune JJ , Nilsson JC , Søndergaard L , Johnsen HE , Køber L , Grande P , Kastrup J . Stem cell mobilization induced by subcutaneous granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor to improve cardiac regeneration after acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction: Result of the double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled stem cells in myocardial infarction (STEMMI) trial. Circulation 113: 1983‐1992, 2006.
 256. Roberts AW . G‐CSF: A key regulator of neutrophil production, but that's not all! Growth Factors 23: 33‐41, 2005.
 257. Roberts RM , Cross JC , Leaman DW . Unique features of the trophoblast interferons. Pharmacol Ther 51: 329‐345, 1991.
 258. Roskoski R Jr . Signaling by Kit protein‐tyrosine kinase–the stem cell factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337: 1‐13, 2005.
 259. Ross J Jr . Myocardial perfusion‐contraction matching. Implications for coronary heart disease and hibernation. Circulation 83: 1076‐1083, 1991.
 260. Ross S , Cheung E , Petrakis TG , Howell M , Kraus WL , Hill CS . SMADs orchestrate specific histone modifications and chromatin remodeling to activate transcription. EMBO J 25: 4490‐4502, 2006.
 261. Rossi D , Zlotnik A . The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 18: 217‐242, 2000.
 262. Ruixing Y , Jinzhen W , Dezhai Y , Jiaquan L . Cardioprotective role of cardiotrophin‐1 gene transfer in a murine model of myocardial infarction. Growth Factors 25: 286‐294, 2007.
 263. Ruparelia N , Digby JE , Jefferson A , Medway DJ , Neubauer S , Lygate CA , Choudhury RP . Myocardial infarction causes inflammation and leukocyte recruitment at remote sites in the myocardium and in the renal glomerulus. Inflamm Res 62: 515‐525, 2013.
 264. Rydén M . Fibroblast growth factor 21: An overview from a clinical Perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 66: 2067‐2073, 2009.
 265. Sa SM , Valdez PA , Wu J , Jung K , Zhong F , Hall L , Kasman I , Winer J , Modrusan Z , Danilenko DM , Ouyang W . The effects of IL‐20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis. J Immunol 178: 2229‐2240, 2007.
 266. Sabat R . IL‐10 family of cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 21: 315‐324, 2010.
 267.SABiosciences DECODE database at http://www.sabiosciences.com/chipqpcrsearch.php?app=TFBS
 268. Sands BE , Podolsky DK . The trefoil peptide family. Annu Rev Physiol 58: 253‐273, 1996.
 269. Savage C , Das P , Finelli AL , Townsend SR , Sun CY , Baird SE , Padgett RW . Caenorhabditis elegans genes sma‐2, sma‐3, and sma‐4 define a conserved family of transforming growth factor beta pathway components. PNAS 93: 790‐794, 1996.
 270. Saxena A , Fish JE , White MD , Yu S , Smyth JW , Shaw RM , DiMaio JM , Srivastava D . Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1alpha is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Circulation 117: 2224‐2231, 2008.
 271. Schmierer B , Hill CS . TGFβ–SMAD signal transduction: Molecular specificity and functional flexibility. Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio 8: 970‐982, 2007.
 272. Schneider A , Kuhn HG , Schäbitz WR . A role for G‐CSF (granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor) in the central nervous system. Cell Cycle 4: 1753‐1757, 2005.
 273. Schoenborn JR , Wilson CB . Regulation of interferon‐gamma during innate and adaptive immune responses. Adv Immunol 96: 41‐101, 2007.
 274. Schulman D , Latchman DS , Yellon DM . Urocortin protects the heart from reperfusion injury via upregulation of p42/p44 MAPK signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H1481‐H1488, 2002.
 275. Schulz R , Heusch G . Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and its receptors 1 and 2: Yin and Yang in myocardial infarction? Circulation 119: 1355‐1357, 2009.
 276. Schwandner R , Yamaguchi K , Cao Z . Requirement of tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated factor (TRAF)6 in interleukin 17 signal transduction. J Exp Med 191: 1233‐1240, 2000.
 277. Sekelsky JJ , Newfeld SJ , Raftery LA , Chartoff EH , Gelbart WM . Genetic characterization and cloning of mothers against dpp, a gene required for decapentaplegic function in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 139: 1347‐1358, 1995.
 278. Serpe M , Umulis D , Ralston A , Chen J , Olson DJ , Avanesov A , Othmer H , O'Connor MB , Blair SS . The BMP‐binding protein Crossveinless 2 is a short‐range, concentration‐dependent, biphasic modulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila. Dev Cell 14: 940‐953, 2008.
 279. Shearer WT , Rosenwasser LJ , Bochner BS , Martinez‐Moczygemba M , Huston DP . Biology of common β receptor–signaling cytokines: IL‐3, IL‐5, and GM‐CSF. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112: 653‐665, 2003.
 280. Shen Y‐T , Depre C , Yan L , Park JY , Tian B , Jain K , Chen L , Zhang Y , Kudej RK , Zhao X , Sadoshima J , Vatner DE , Vatner SF . Repetitive ischemia by coronary stenosis induces a novel window of ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 118: 1961‐1969, 2008.
 281. Sheng Z , Knowlton K , Chen J , Hoshijima M , Brown JH , Chien KR . Cardiotrophin 1 (CT‐1) inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via a mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐dependent pathway. Divergence from downstream CT‐1 signals for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 272: 5783‐5791, 1997.
 282. Sheppard P , Kindsvogel W , Xu W , Henderson K , Schlutsmeyer S , Whitmore TE , Kuestner R , Garrigues U , Birks C , Roraback J , Ostrander C , Dong D , Shin J , Presnell S , Fox B , Haldeman B , Cooper E , Taft D , Gilbert T , Grant FJ , Tackett M , Krivan W , McKnight G , Clegg C , Foster D , Klucher KM . IL‐28, IL‐29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL‐28R. Nat Immunol 4: 63‐68, 2003.
 283. Shin JW , Lee JK , Lee JE , Min WK , Schuchman EH , Jin HK , Bae JS . Combined effects of hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization from bone marrow by granulocyte colony stimulating factor and AMD3100 and chemotaxis into the brain using stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Stem Cells 29: 1075‐1089, 2011.
 284. Shintani S , Murohara T , Ikeda H , Ueno T , Honma T , Katoh A , Sasaki K , Shimada T , Oike Y , Imaizumi T . Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 103: 2776‐2779, 2001.
 285. Shiozaki EN , Chai J , Shi Y . Oligomerization and activation of caspase‐9, induced by Apaf‐1 CARD. PNAS 99: 4197‐4202, 2002.
 286. Sims JE , Nicklin MJ , Bazan JF , Barton JL . A new nomenclature for IL‐1 family genes. Trends Immunol 22: 536‐537, 2001.
 287. Sirén AL , Fratelli M , Brines M , Goemans C , Casagrande S , Lewczuk P , Keenan S , Gleiter C , Pasquali C , Capobianco A , Mennini T , Heumann R , Cerami A , Ehrenreich H , Ghezzi P . Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. PNAS 98: 4044‐4049, 2001.
 288. Skyschally A , Schulz R , Heusch G . Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction: Protection by ischemic pre‐ and postconditioning. Herz 33: 88‐100, 2008.
 289. Smarta N , Mojetb MH , Latchmanc DS , Marbera MS , Duchenb MR , Headsa RJ . IL‐6 induces PI 3‐kinase and nitric oxide‐dependent protection and preserves mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 69: 164‐177, 2006.
 290. Smith CC , Yellon DM . Adipocytokines, cardiovascular pathophysiology and myocardial protection. Pharmacol Ther 129: 206‐219, 2011.
 291. Song X , Zhu S , Shi P , Liu Y , Shi Y , Levin SD , Qian Y . IL‐17RE is the functional receptor for IL‐17C and mediates mucosal immunity to infection with intestinal pathogens. Nat Immunol 12: 1151‐1158, 2011.
 292. Staat P , Rioufol G , Piot C , Cottin Y , Cung TT , L'Huillier I , Aupetit J‐F , Bonnefoy E , Finet G , Andre‐Fouet X , Ovize M . Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation 112: 2143‐2148, 2005.
 293. Starnes T , Broxmeyer HE , Robertson MJ , Hromas R . Cutting edge: IL‐17D, a novel member of the IL‐17 family, stimulates cytokine production and inhibits hemopoiesis. J Immunol 169: 642‐646, 2002.
 294. Stein AB , Tang XL , Guo Y , Xuan YT , Dawn B , Bolli R . Delayed adaptation of the heart to stress: Late preconditioning. Stroke 35(Suppl 1): 2676‐2679, 2004.
 295. Su SJ , Yang BC , Wang YS , Yeh TM . α1‐Acid glycoprotein‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion of human monocytes is enhanced by serum binding proteins and depends on protein tyrosine kinase activation. Immunopharmacology 41: 21‐29, 1999.
 296. Subirós N , Del Barco DG , Coro‐Antich RM . Erythropoietin: Still on the neuroprotection road. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 5: 161‐73, 2012.
 297. Suleman N , Somers S , Smith R , Opie LH , Lecour SC . Dual activation of STAT‐3 and Akt is required during the trigger phase of ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 79: 127‐133, 2008.
 298. Swirski FK , Nahrendorf M , Etzrodt M , Wildgruber M , Cortez‐Retamozo V , Panizzi P , Figueiredo JL , Kohler RH , Chudnovskiy A , Waterman P , Aikawa E , Mempel TR , Libby P , Weissleder R , Pittet MJ . Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science 325: 612‐616, 2009.
 299. Taga T . GP130 and the interleukin‐6 family of cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 797‐819, 1997.
 300. Takahashi T , Kalka C , Masuda H , Chen D , Silver M , Kearney M , Magner M , Isner JM , Asahara T . Ischemia‐ and cytokine‐induced mobilization of bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med 5: 434‐438, 1999.
 301. Tao L , Gao E , Jiao X , Yuan Y , Li S , Christopher TA , Lopez BL , Koch W , Chan L , Goldstein BJ , Ma XL . Adiponectin cardioprotection after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion involves the reduction of oxidative/nitrative stress. Circulation 115: 1408‐1416, 2007.
 302. Taupin, DR , Kinoshita K , Podolsky DK . Intestinal trefoil factor confers colonic epithelial resistance to apoptosis. PNAS 97: 799‐804, 2000.
 303. Taupin D , Podolsky DK . Trefoil factors: Initiators of mucosal healing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4: 721‐734, 2003.
 304. Teng X , Xu LF , Zhou P , Sun HW , Sun M . Effects of trefoil peptide 3 on expression of TNF‐alpha, TLR4, and NF‐kappaB in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis mice. Inflammation 32: 120‐129, 2009.
 305. Thomas J , Liu F , Link DC . Mechanisms of mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. Curr Opin Hematol 9: 183‐189, 2002.
 306. Uze G , Monneron D . IL‐28 and IL‐29: Newcomers to the interferon family. Biochimie 89: 729‐34, 2007.
 307. Valgimigli M , Rigolin GM , Cittanti C , Malagutti P , Curello S , Percoco G , Bugli AM , Della Porta M , Bragotti LZ , Ansani L , Mauro E , Lanfranchi A , Giganti M , Feggi L , Castoldi G , Ferrari R . Use of granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor during acute myocardial infarction to enhance bone marrow stem cell mobilization in humans: Clinical and angiographic safety profile. Eur Heart J 26: 1838‐1845, 2005.
 308. Vandenbroucke K , Hans W , Van Huysse J , Neirynck S , Demetter P , Remaut E , Rottiers P , Steidler L . Active delivery of trefoil factors by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis prevents and heals acute colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 127: 502‐513, 2004.
 309. Van Molle W , Denecker G , Rodriguez I , Brouckaert P , Vandenabeele P , Libert C . Activation of caspases in lethal experimental hepatitis and prevention by acute phase proteins. J Immunol 163: 5235‐5241, 1999.
 310. Van Molle W , Libert C , Fiers W , Brouckaert P . α1‐Acid glycoprotein and α1‐antitrypsin inhibit TNF‐induced but not anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis of hepatocytes in mice. J Immunol 159: 3555‐3564, 1997.
 311. Vignali DA , Kuchroo VK . IL‐12 family cytokines: Immunological playmakers. Nat Immunol 13: 722‐728, 2012.
 312. Vilcek J . Novel interferons. Nat Immunol 4: 8‐9, 2003.
 313. Vinten‐Johansen J . Postconditioning: A mechanical maneuver that triggers biological and molecular cardioprotective responses to reperfusion. Heart Fail Rev 12: 235‐244, 2007.
 314. Vinten‐Johansen J , Zhao ZQ , Jiang R , Zatta AJ , Dobson GP . Preconditioning and postconditioning: Innate cardioprotection from ischemia‐reperfusion injury. J Appl Physiol 103: 1441‐1448, 2007.
 315. Vinten‐Johansen J , Shi W . The science and clinical translation of remote postconditioning. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 14: 206‐13, 2013.
 316. Wajant H , Pfizenmaier K , Scheurich P . Tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell Death Differ 10: 45‐65, 2003.
 317. Wallach D , Varfolomeev EE , Malinin NL , Goltsev YV , Kovalenko AV , Boldin MP . Tumor necrosis factor receptor and Fas signaling mechanisms. Annu Rev Immunol 17: 331‐367, 1999.
 318. Wang J , Li J . Activated protein C: A potential cardioprotective factor against ischemic injury during ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Transl Res 1: 381‐392, 2009.
 319. Wang X , Zhang Y , Yang XO , Nurieva RI , Chang SH , Ojeda SS , Kang HS , Schluns KS , Gui J , Jetten AM , Dong C . Transcription of IL17 and IL17f is controlled by conserved noncoding sequence 2. Immunity 36: 23‐31, 2012.
 320. Wang Y , Tao L , Yuan Y , Lau WB , Li R , Lopez BL , Christopher TA , Tian R , Ma XL . Cardioprotective effect of adiponectin is partially mediated by its AMPK‐independent antinitrative action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E384‐E391, 2009.
 321. Wang Y , Yin B , Liu S , Xue S . Cardioprotective effect by tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐6 through late preconditioning in unstable angina patients. Arch Med Res 38: 80‐85, 2007.
 322. Wang Y , Zhu M , Miller M , Fu YX . Immunoregulation by tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT. Immunol Rev 229: 232‐243, 2009.
 323. Ware CF . The TNF Superfamily‐2008. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 19: 183‐186, 2008.
 324. Watowixh SS . The erythropoietin receptor: Molecular structure and hematopoietic signaling pathways. J Investig Med 59: 1067‐1072, 2011.
 325. Weaver CT , Hatton RD , Mangan PR , Harrington LE . IL‐17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu Rev Immunol 25: 821‐852, 2007.
 326. Weber A , Wasiliew P , Kracht M . Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) pathway. Sci Signal 3: cm2, 2010.
 327. Wei MC , Lindsten T , Mootha VK , Weiler S , Gross A , Ashiya M , Thompson CB , Korsmeyer SJ . tBID, a membrane‐targeted death ligand, oligomerizes BAK to release cytochrome c. Genes Dev 14: 2060‐2071, 2000.
 328. West MB , Rokosh G , Obal D , Velayutham M , Xuan Y‐T , Hill BG , Keith RJ , Schrader J , Guo Y , Conklin DJ , Prabhu SD , Zweier JL , Bolli R , Bhatnagar A . Cardiac myocyte–specific expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by preventing mitochondrial permeability transition. Circulation 118: 1970‐1978, 2008.
 329. Williams JP , Weiser MR , Pechet TT , Kobzik L , Moore FD , Hechtman HB . α1‐Acid glycoprotein reduces local and remote injuries after intestinal ischemia in the rat. Am J Physiol 273: 1031‐1035, 1997.
 330. Wong WM , Poulsom R , Wright NA . Trefoil peptides. Gut 44: 890‐895, 1999.
 331. Wright DE , Cheshier SH , Wagers AJ , Randall TD , Christensen JL , Weissman IL . Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor causes selective mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the blood after M phase of the cell cycle. Blood 97: 2278‐2285, 2001.
 332. Wu C , Sakorafas P , Miller R , McCarthy D , Scesney S , Dixon R , Ghayur T . IL‐18 receptor beta‐induced changes in the presentation of IL‐18 binding sites affect ligand binding and signal transduction. J Immunol 170: 5571‐5577, 2003.
 333. Wu Q , Martin RJ , Rino JG , Breed R , Torres RM , Chu HW . IL‐23‐dependent IL‐17 production is essential in neutrophil recruitment and activity in mouse lung defense against respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Microbes Infect 9: 78‐86, 2007.
 334. Xu Z , Mueller RA , Park SS , Boysen PG , Cohen MV , Downey JM . Cardioprotection with adenosine A2 receptor activation at reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46: 794‐802, 2005.
 335. Yamaguchi Y , Fujio K , Shoda H , et al. IL‐17B and IL‐17C are associated with TNFalpha production and contribute to the exacerbation of inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 179: 7128‐7136, 2007.
 336. Yanagisawa‐Miwa A , Uchida Y , Nakamura F , Tomaru T , Kido H , Kamijo T , Sugimoto T , Kaji K , Utsuyama M , Kurashima C . Salvage of infarcted myocardium by angiogenic action of basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 257: 1401‐1403, 1992.
 337. Yang E , Zha J , Jockel J , Boise LH , Thompson CB , Korsmeyer SJ . Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl‐XL and Bcl‐2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80: 285‐291, 1995.
 338. Yang X , Cohen MV , Downey JM . Mechanism of cardioprotection by early ischemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 24: 225‐234, 2010.
 339. Yellon DM , Downey JM . Preconditioning the myocardium: From cellular physiology to clinical cardiology. Physiol Rev 83: 1113‐1151, 2003.
 340. Yu A , Malek TR . The proteasome regulates receptor‐mediated endocytosis of interleukin‐2. J Biol Chem 276: 381‐385, 2001.
 341. Yuzawa S , Opatowsky Y , Zhang Z , Mandiyan V , Lax I , Schlessinger J . Structural basis for activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT by stem cell factor. Cell 130:323‐334, 2007.
 342. Zamilpa R , Ibarra J , de Castro Brás LE , Ramirez TA , Nguyen N , Halade GV , Zhang J , Dai Q , Dayah T , Chiao YA , Lowell W , Ahuja SS , D'Armiento J , Jin YF , Lindsey ML . Transgenic overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in macrophages attenuates the inflammatory response and improves left ventricular function post‐myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 53: 599‐608, 2012.
 343. Zhang X , Ibrahimi OA , Olsen SK , Umemori H , Mohammadi M , Ornitz DM . Receptor specificity of the fibroblast growth factor family. The complete mammalian FGF family. J Biol Chem 281: 15694‐15700, 2006.
 344. Zhao ZQ , Corvera JS , Halkos ME , Kerendi F , Wang N‐P , Guyton RA , Vinten‐Johansen J . Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: Comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H579‐H588, 2003.
 345. Zou H , Henzel WJ , Liu X , Lutschg A , Wang X . Apaf‐1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED‐4, participates in cytochrome c‐dependent activation of caspase‐3. Cell 90: 405‐413, 1997.
 346. Zou Y , Takano H , Mizukami M , Akazawa H , Qin Y , Toko H , Sakamoto M , Minamino T , Nagai T , Komuro I . Leukemia inhibitory factor enhances survival of cardiomyocytes and induces regeneration of myocardium after myocardial infarction. Circulation 108: 748‐753, 2003.

Related Articles:

Mitochondrial Dynamics and Heart Failure
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

Article Title: Trans‐System Mechanisms Against Ischemic Myocardial Injury
 

How to Cite

Shu Q. Liu, Xin‐Liang Ma, Gangjian Qin, Qingping Liu, Yan‐Chun Li, Yu H. Wu. Trans‐System Mechanisms Against Ischemic Myocardial Injury. Compr Physiol 2014, 5: 167-192. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140026