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Anatomy of the Corpus Striatum and Brain Stem Integrating Systems

Malcolm B. Carpenter

10.1002/cphy.cp010219

Source: Supplement 2: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control

Originally published: 1981

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Striatum
1.1 Caudate Nucleus
1.2 Putamen
1.3 Cytology
1.4 Striatal Connections
2 Globus Pallidus
2.1 Cytology
2.2 Pallidal Connections
3 Substantia Nigra
3.1 Cytology
3.2 Nigral Afferent Fibers
3.3 Nigral Efferent Fibers
4 Subthalamic Nucleus
4.1 Cytology
4.2 Connections of the Subthalamic Nucleus
4.3 Lesions in the Subthalamic Nucleus
5 Red Nucleus
5.1 Cytology
5.2 Afferent Fiber Systems
5.3 Efferent Projections
6 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Horizontal section through the corpus striatum, internal capsule, and thalamus of the human. Weigert stain.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Montage of a spiny type I striatal neuron of monkey. Note high density of spines on secondary and tertiary dendrites and the axon (arrows), which was traced for 350 μm without evidence of termination. Golgi preparation.

From DiFiglia et al. 67
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Camera lucida drawing of an aspiny type II striatal neuron of monkey seen in a Golgi preparation. This is an example of the largest cell type in the striatum; note thick and thin dendrites with varicosities which surround the soma. No identifiable axon was impregnated.

From DiFiglia et al. 67
Figure 4. Figure 4.

A: photomicrograph of a spiny caudate neuron in a cat injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Bar, 10 μm. B: drawing of a spiny striatal neuron injected with HRP revealing features similar to those seen in Golgi preparations. C: drawing of same cell as in B, showing coiled and circuitous course of long axon. Bar, 20 μm.

From Kitai et al. 166
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Schematic diagram of striatal afferent systems of human, except those arising from raphe nuclei of midbrain. CM, centromedian nucleus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; IC, internal capsule; PUT, putamen; RN, red nucleus; SN, substantia nigra; VPL, ventral posterolateral nucleus; VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore
Figure 6. Figure 6.

A: dark‐field photomicrograph of autoradiograph of a portion of the putamen in a monkey showing burstlike terminal label in corticostriate fibers. GP, globus pallidus; P, putamen; EC, external capsule. ×28. B: photomicrograph of cortical injection site in sagittal section (3H‐amino acids injected into area 1), which produced the isotope transport to putamen in A. Counterstained with thionin. ×10. C: cortical injection site in area 3a with diffusion into areas 3b and 4, which resulted in strips or bands of terminal label in putamen. Sagittal section counterstained with thionin. ×12.

From Jones et al. 145
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Projection drawings of frontal sections of monkey revealing complex and extensive pattern of terminal distribution of labeled corticostriate fibers in putamen resulting from injection of 3H‐amino acids in ipsilateral cortical areas 3a and 4 (shown in Fig. 6C). Numbers refer to individual sections. AC, anterior commissure; CN, caudate nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus; OT, optic tract; P, putamen; VA, ventral anterior nucleus thalamus; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus thalamus, pars oralis; VLc, ventral lateral nucleus thalamus, pars caudalis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus thalamus, pars oralis; SN, substantia nigra.

From Jones et al. 145
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Diagram of topographical distribution of isotope transported bilateral to striatum following localized unilateral injections of 3H‐amino acids into motor cortex of monkey. Cl, claustrum; Cd, caudate nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; Pu, putamen.

From Künzle 176
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of autoradiographs demonstrating nigrostriate and nigrothalamic projections in monkey. Tritiated amino acids, evidenced by silver grains, labeled lateral portions of substantia nigra. A: isotope was transported to dorsal regions of putamen and to medial part of ventral lateral (VLm) and paralaminar part of dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. ×6. B: restricted area of isotope transport to putamen. ×16.

From Carpenter et al. 42
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of human brain through corpus striatum, internal capsule, and thalamus. Segments of globus pallidus are clearly delineated.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Camera lucida drawings from Golgi preparations of 10 neurons in monkey globus pallidus. A: medial pallidal segment. B: lateral pallidal segment. No discernible morphological differences were found in these cells, though density is not the same in the two segments. Small arrows indicate identified initial portion of axons.

From Fox et al. 93
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Projection drawings in horizontal sections of thalamic degeneration resulting from a small lesion, mainly in rostral parts of medial pallidal segment, lateral to accessory medullary lamina in a monkey. Note that most profuse degeneration is in ventral anterior nucleus, pars principalis. AD, anterodorsal nucleus; AM, anteromedial nucleus; A V, anteroventral nucleus; BIC, brachium of inferior colliculus; BSC, brachium of superior colliculus; CI, inferior colliculus; CL, subthalamic nucleus; CLN, central lateral nucleus; CM, centromedial nucleus; CN, caudate nucleus; CS, superior colliculus; CSC, commissure of superior colliculus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus; DSCP, decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle; FR, fasciculus retroflexus; FX, fornix; H2, lenticular fasciculus; HB, habenular nucleus; IC, internal capsule; LG, lateral geniculate; LPS, lateral pallidal segment; MG, medial geniculate; ML, medial lemniscus; MPS, medial pallidal segment; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; PC, posterior commissure; PF, parafascicular nucleus; PUL, pulvinar; PUT, putamen; RN, red nucleus; SM, stria medullaris; SN, substantia nigra; VAmc, ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis; VApc, ventral anterior nucleus, pars principalis; VLc, ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis; VLm, ventral lateral nucleus, pars medialis; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPLc, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars caudalis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus; X, area X; ZI zona incerta.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Projection drawings of thalamic degeneration in monkey resulting from a small lesion in posterior part of medial pallidal segment, medial to the accessory medullary lamina. Degeneration in rostral ventral tier thalamic nuclei was restricted to the ventral lateral pars oralis and passed to this nucleus via lenticular fasciculus. Abbreviations are same as in Figure 12.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Schematic diagrams of origin and course of fibers forming ansa lenticularis (ansa lent.) and lenticular fasciculus (lent. fasc.) in monkey. Fibers of ansa lenticularis arise from outer portions of medial pallidal segment, lateral to accessory medullary lamina (dashed tine), and course rostrally, ventrally, and medially. Fibers forming lenticular fasciculus arise from parts of medial pallidal segment medial to accessory medullary lamina, and course dorsally and medially through internal capsule. CL, subthalamic nucleus; FX, fornix; IC, internal capsule; LPS, lateral pallidal segment; MPS, medial pallidal segment; SN, substantia nigra.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sections through the diencephalon demonstrating transport of 3H‐amino acids from portions of medial pallidal segment in monkey (rhesus C‐1360). A: label in virtually all parts of medial pallidal segment was transported profusely, but in a patchy fashion, to ventral anterior, pars principalis and ventral lateral, pars oralis. B: label was transported in a more diffuse and less intense fashion to rostral parts of centromedian nucleus. Transport of isotope to these thalamic nuclei was via both ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus. Cresyl violet stain. ×3.5.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sections through diencephalon in rhesus C‐1369 demonstrating transport of isotope predominantly from outer part of the medial pallidal segment via ansa lenticularis. A: intense patchy pallidothalamic terminations are seen in ventral anterior nucleus pars principalis (VApc). B: very little transport of isotope was found in other ventral tier thalamic nuclei, suggesting a preferential projection from outer part of medial pallidal segment to VApc. ×3.5.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sagittal sections in rhesus C‐1350. A: 3H‐amino acids labeling cells in inner part of medial pallidal segment resulted in transport via lenticular fasciculus to ventral lateral nucleus (pars oralis) of thalamus. ×3.5. Although there was no transport of isotope to subthalamic nucleus, isotope was identified in two locations within the substantia nigra (A, B). In the substantia nigra isotope was seen most intensely caudal to subthalamic nucleus; from this region some fibers passed to more caudal regions of the substantia nigra. B: faint streaks of radioactivity connect these two regions. ×6.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Photomicrographs of autoradiography of portions of substantia nigra of monkey labeled by injected 3H‐amino acids. A: cells in caudal, dorsal, and lateral portions of the substantia nigra were labeled. B: cells in medial and dorsal regions were labeled. Transport of label from the nigral neurons in A to thalamic nuclei is shown in Figure 19. Counterstained with cresyl violet. ×6.

From Carpenter et al. 42
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Dark‐field photomicrograph of a sagittal section of monkey through the thalamus showing transport of isotope from the region of the substantia nigra labeled in Figure 18A. Nigrothalamic terminations were seen in two thalamic nuclei in this section: 1) in a crescent‐shaped area of the dorsomedial nucleus, paralaminar part (DMpl), and 2) in the magnocellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VAmc), a nucleus that surrounds the mammillothalamic tract (MTT). ×16.

From Carpenter et al. 42
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Schematic diagrams of axoplasmic transport of isotope from substantia nigra to portions of striatum and to ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus, medial part (VLm). The portion of the substantia nigra labeled is shown in Figure 18B. Abbreviations used are as in Figure 12, except for: NST, nuclei of stria terminalis; Ret, reticular nucleus of thalamus; SNc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra, pars reticulata. Letters and numbers identify tissue blocks and sections.

From Carpenter et al. 42
Figure 21. Figure 21.

Schematic diagram of nigrotectal projections in monkey (C‐1374) demonstrated by axoplasmic transport of 3H‐amino acids. Isotope infiltrated the crus cerebri, pontine nuclei, and pregeniculate nucleus as well as most parts of substantia nigra. Majority of nigrotectal fibers terminate in middle gray layers of caudal two‐thirds of superior colliculus but some fibers appear to end in lateral parts of central gray. Although most nigrotectal fibers are ipsilateral, some enter the opposite superior colliculus. Abbreviations used are as in Figure 12, except for: CG, central gray; IC, inferior colliculus; IN, interstitial nucleus of Cajal; IPN, interpeduncular nucleus; MLF, medial longitudinal fasciculus; NPC, nuclei of the posterior commissure; PG, pontine gray; PGE, efferent fibers from the pregeniculate nucleus which terminate in rostral, superficial layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus; SC, superior colliculus; SNpc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; SNpr, substantia nigra, pars reticulata; III, oculomotor nucleus; IV, trochlear nucleus.

From Jayaraman, Batton, and Carpenter 143
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of 3H‐labeled nigrotectal projections to middle gray layers of caudal two‐thirds of superior colliculus in rhesus monkey. A: terminal fibers appear arranged in patches or columns with the greatest radioactivity in medial regions. × 16. B: transtegmental course and terminations of nigrotectal fibers. The most profuse radioactivity appears in lateral portions of superior colliculus. ×10.

From Jayaraman, Batton, and Carpenter 143
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Sagittal section through medial regions of human corpus striatum, diencephalon, and upper brain stem. Continuity of putamen and caudate nucleus is evident as well as relationships of subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. Weigert's stain.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Transverse section of diencephalon of human through subthalamic nucleus and Forel's field H. Weigert's stain.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore
Figure 25. Figure 25.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of transverse sections of cat brain. A: globus pallidus is labeled with 3H‐amino acids. This portion of globus pallidus corresponds to lateral pallidal segment in primates and is separated from entopeduncular nucleus (medial pallidal segment) by fibers of internal capsule. ×5. B, C: profuse transport of isotope, evidenced by dense silver grains, is seen in terminals in subthalamic nucleus. B, ×4; C, ×12.
Figure 26. Figure 26.

A: outline drawings of cortical sites in which 3H‐amino acids were injected in the monkey. Dark circles represent areas that transported isotope to portions of subthalamic nucleus. B: summary diagram of regions of precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex that project to different regions of subthalamic nucleus. Ci, internal capsule; CM, centromedian nucleus; H1, Forel's field H1; H2, Forel's field H2; HYP, hypothalamus; Nc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; Nd, substantia nigra, pars reticulata; PCN, paracentral nucleus; PP, peduncular part of internal capsule; R, reticular nucleus of thalamus; RP, prerubral area; STN, subthalamic nucleus; TMT, mammillothalamic tract; VA, ventral anterior nucleus; VLm, ventral lateral nucleus, pars medialis; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPI, ventral posterior inferior nucleus; Zi, zona incerta. F + 10.5, F + 9.3, and F + 7.5 refer to stereotaxic frontal planes rostral to interaural reference plane.

From Hartmann‐von Monakow et al. 120
Figure 27. Figure 27.

Low‐power photomicrograph of autoradiograph of 3H‐amino acids injected into subthalamic nucleus of the monkey.

From Nauta and Cole 227
Figure 28. Figure 28.

Dark‐field photomicrograph of a section from same monkey as shown in Figure 26, demonstrating transport of isotope to both segments of globus pallidus. White arrow indicates position of medial medullary lamina separating medial and lateral pallidal segments.

From Nauta and Cole 227
Figure 29. Figure 29.

Photomicrograph of a discrete lesion in subthalamic nucleus of monkey. Lesion produced contralateral subthalamic dyskinesia.

From Carpenter et al. 39
Figure 30. Figure 30.

Transverse section through junction of the human midbrain and diencephalon demonstrating red nucleus, portions of substantia nigra, and caudal pole of subthalamic nucleus.


Figure 1.

Horizontal section through the corpus striatum, internal capsule, and thalamus of the human. Weigert stain.



Figure 2.

Montage of a spiny type I striatal neuron of monkey. Note high density of spines on secondary and tertiary dendrites and the axon (arrows), which was traced for 350 μm without evidence of termination. Golgi preparation.

From DiFiglia et al. 67


Figure 3.

Camera lucida drawing of an aspiny type II striatal neuron of monkey seen in a Golgi preparation. This is an example of the largest cell type in the striatum; note thick and thin dendrites with varicosities which surround the soma. No identifiable axon was impregnated.

From DiFiglia et al. 67


Figure 4.

A: photomicrograph of a spiny caudate neuron in a cat injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Bar, 10 μm. B: drawing of a spiny striatal neuron injected with HRP revealing features similar to those seen in Golgi preparations. C: drawing of same cell as in B, showing coiled and circuitous course of long axon. Bar, 20 μm.

From Kitai et al. 166


Figure 5.

Schematic diagram of striatal afferent systems of human, except those arising from raphe nuclei of midbrain. CM, centromedian nucleus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; IC, internal capsule; PUT, putamen; RN, red nucleus; SN, substantia nigra; VPL, ventral posterolateral nucleus; VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore


Figure 6.

A: dark‐field photomicrograph of autoradiograph of a portion of the putamen in a monkey showing burstlike terminal label in corticostriate fibers. GP, globus pallidus; P, putamen; EC, external capsule. ×28. B: photomicrograph of cortical injection site in sagittal section (3H‐amino acids injected into area 1), which produced the isotope transport to putamen in A. Counterstained with thionin. ×10. C: cortical injection site in area 3a with diffusion into areas 3b and 4, which resulted in strips or bands of terminal label in putamen. Sagittal section counterstained with thionin. ×12.

From Jones et al. 145


Figure 7.

Projection drawings of frontal sections of monkey revealing complex and extensive pattern of terminal distribution of labeled corticostriate fibers in putamen resulting from injection of 3H‐amino acids in ipsilateral cortical areas 3a and 4 (shown in Fig. 6C). Numbers refer to individual sections. AC, anterior commissure; CN, caudate nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus; OT, optic tract; P, putamen; VA, ventral anterior nucleus thalamus; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus thalamus, pars oralis; VLc, ventral lateral nucleus thalamus, pars caudalis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus thalamus, pars oralis; SN, substantia nigra.

From Jones et al. 145


Figure 8.

Diagram of topographical distribution of isotope transported bilateral to striatum following localized unilateral injections of 3H‐amino acids into motor cortex of monkey. Cl, claustrum; Cd, caudate nucleus; GP, globus pallidus; Pu, putamen.

From Künzle 176


Figure 9.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of autoradiographs demonstrating nigrostriate and nigrothalamic projections in monkey. Tritiated amino acids, evidenced by silver grains, labeled lateral portions of substantia nigra. A: isotope was transported to dorsal regions of putamen and to medial part of ventral lateral (VLm) and paralaminar part of dorsomedial thalamic nuclei. ×6. B: restricted area of isotope transport to putamen. ×16.

From Carpenter et al. 42


Figure 10.

Photomicrograph of a sagittal section of human brain through corpus striatum, internal capsule, and thalamus. Segments of globus pallidus are clearly delineated.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore


Figure 11.

Camera lucida drawings from Golgi preparations of 10 neurons in monkey globus pallidus. A: medial pallidal segment. B: lateral pallidal segment. No discernible morphological differences were found in these cells, though density is not the same in the two segments. Small arrows indicate identified initial portion of axons.

From Fox et al. 93


Figure 12.

Projection drawings in horizontal sections of thalamic degeneration resulting from a small lesion, mainly in rostral parts of medial pallidal segment, lateral to accessory medullary lamina in a monkey. Note that most profuse degeneration is in ventral anterior nucleus, pars principalis. AD, anterodorsal nucleus; AM, anteromedial nucleus; A V, anteroventral nucleus; BIC, brachium of inferior colliculus; BSC, brachium of superior colliculus; CI, inferior colliculus; CL, subthalamic nucleus; CLN, central lateral nucleus; CM, centromedial nucleus; CN, caudate nucleus; CS, superior colliculus; CSC, commissure of superior colliculus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus; DSCP, decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle; FR, fasciculus retroflexus; FX, fornix; H2, lenticular fasciculus; HB, habenular nucleus; IC, internal capsule; LG, lateral geniculate; LPS, lateral pallidal segment; MG, medial geniculate; ML, medial lemniscus; MPS, medial pallidal segment; MTT, mammillothalamic tract; PC, posterior commissure; PF, parafascicular nucleus; PUL, pulvinar; PUT, putamen; RN, red nucleus; SM, stria medullaris; SN, substantia nigra; VAmc, ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis; VApc, ventral anterior nucleus, pars principalis; VLc, ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis; VLm, ventral lateral nucleus, pars medialis; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPLc, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars caudalis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus; X, area X; ZI zona incerta.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180


Figure 13.

Projection drawings of thalamic degeneration in monkey resulting from a small lesion in posterior part of medial pallidal segment, medial to the accessory medullary lamina. Degeneration in rostral ventral tier thalamic nuclei was restricted to the ventral lateral pars oralis and passed to this nucleus via lenticular fasciculus. Abbreviations are same as in Figure 12.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180


Figure 14.

Schematic diagrams of origin and course of fibers forming ansa lenticularis (ansa lent.) and lenticular fasciculus (lent. fasc.) in monkey. Fibers of ansa lenticularis arise from outer portions of medial pallidal segment, lateral to accessory medullary lamina (dashed tine), and course rostrally, ventrally, and medially. Fibers forming lenticular fasciculus arise from parts of medial pallidal segment medial to accessory medullary lamina, and course dorsally and medially through internal capsule. CL, subthalamic nucleus; FX, fornix; IC, internal capsule; LPS, lateral pallidal segment; MPS, medial pallidal segment; SN, substantia nigra.

From Kuo and Carpenter 180


Figure 15.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sections through the diencephalon demonstrating transport of 3H‐amino acids from portions of medial pallidal segment in monkey (rhesus C‐1360). A: label in virtually all parts of medial pallidal segment was transported profusely, but in a patchy fashion, to ventral anterior, pars principalis and ventral lateral, pars oralis. B: label was transported in a more diffuse and less intense fashion to rostral parts of centromedian nucleus. Transport of isotope to these thalamic nuclei was via both ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus. Cresyl violet stain. ×3.5.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160


Figure 16.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sections through diencephalon in rhesus C‐1369 demonstrating transport of isotope predominantly from outer part of the medial pallidal segment via ansa lenticularis. A: intense patchy pallidothalamic terminations are seen in ventral anterior nucleus pars principalis (VApc). B: very little transport of isotope was found in other ventral tier thalamic nuclei, suggesting a preferential projection from outer part of medial pallidal segment to VApc. ×3.5.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160


Figure 17.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of sagittal sections in rhesus C‐1350. A: 3H‐amino acids labeling cells in inner part of medial pallidal segment resulted in transport via lenticular fasciculus to ventral lateral nucleus (pars oralis) of thalamus. ×3.5. Although there was no transport of isotope to subthalamic nucleus, isotope was identified in two locations within the substantia nigra (A, B). In the substantia nigra isotope was seen most intensely caudal to subthalamic nucleus; from this region some fibers passed to more caudal regions of the substantia nigra. B: faint streaks of radioactivity connect these two regions. ×6.

From Kim, Carpenter, et al. 160


Figure 18.

Photomicrographs of autoradiography of portions of substantia nigra of monkey labeled by injected 3H‐amino acids. A: cells in caudal, dorsal, and lateral portions of the substantia nigra were labeled. B: cells in medial and dorsal regions were labeled. Transport of label from the nigral neurons in A to thalamic nuclei is shown in Figure 19. Counterstained with cresyl violet. ×6.

From Carpenter et al. 42


Figure 19.

Dark‐field photomicrograph of a sagittal section of monkey through the thalamus showing transport of isotope from the region of the substantia nigra labeled in Figure 18A. Nigrothalamic terminations were seen in two thalamic nuclei in this section: 1) in a crescent‐shaped area of the dorsomedial nucleus, paralaminar part (DMpl), and 2) in the magnocellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VAmc), a nucleus that surrounds the mammillothalamic tract (MTT). ×16.

From Carpenter et al. 42


Figure 20.

Schematic diagrams of axoplasmic transport of isotope from substantia nigra to portions of striatum and to ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus, medial part (VLm). The portion of the substantia nigra labeled is shown in Figure 18B. Abbreviations used are as in Figure 12, except for: NST, nuclei of stria terminalis; Ret, reticular nucleus of thalamus; SNc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra, pars reticulata. Letters and numbers identify tissue blocks and sections.

From Carpenter et al. 42


Figure 21.

Schematic diagram of nigrotectal projections in monkey (C‐1374) demonstrated by axoplasmic transport of 3H‐amino acids. Isotope infiltrated the crus cerebri, pontine nuclei, and pregeniculate nucleus as well as most parts of substantia nigra. Majority of nigrotectal fibers terminate in middle gray layers of caudal two‐thirds of superior colliculus but some fibers appear to end in lateral parts of central gray. Although most nigrotectal fibers are ipsilateral, some enter the opposite superior colliculus. Abbreviations used are as in Figure 12, except for: CG, central gray; IC, inferior colliculus; IN, interstitial nucleus of Cajal; IPN, interpeduncular nucleus; MLF, medial longitudinal fasciculus; NPC, nuclei of the posterior commissure; PG, pontine gray; PGE, efferent fibers from the pregeniculate nucleus which terminate in rostral, superficial layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus; SC, superior colliculus; SNpc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; SNpr, substantia nigra, pars reticulata; III, oculomotor nucleus; IV, trochlear nucleus.

From Jayaraman, Batton, and Carpenter 143


Figure 22.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of 3H‐labeled nigrotectal projections to middle gray layers of caudal two‐thirds of superior colliculus in rhesus monkey. A: terminal fibers appear arranged in patches or columns with the greatest radioactivity in medial regions. × 16. B: transtegmental course and terminations of nigrotectal fibers. The most profuse radioactivity appears in lateral portions of superior colliculus. ×10.

From Jayaraman, Batton, and Carpenter 143


Figure 23.

Sagittal section through medial regions of human corpus striatum, diencephalon, and upper brain stem. Continuity of putamen and caudate nucleus is evident as well as relationships of subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. Weigert's stain.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore


Figure 24.

Transverse section of diencephalon of human through subthalamic nucleus and Forel's field H. Weigert's stain.

From Carpenter 37, © 1976, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore


Figure 25.

Dark‐field photomicrographs of transverse sections of cat brain. A: globus pallidus is labeled with 3H‐amino acids. This portion of globus pallidus corresponds to lateral pallidal segment in primates and is separated from entopeduncular nucleus (medial pallidal segment) by fibers of internal capsule. ×5. B, C: profuse transport of isotope, evidenced by dense silver grains, is seen in terminals in subthalamic nucleus. B, ×4; C, ×12.



Figure 26.

A: outline drawings of cortical sites in which 3H‐amino acids were injected in the monkey. Dark circles represent areas that transported isotope to portions of subthalamic nucleus. B: summary diagram of regions of precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex that project to different regions of subthalamic nucleus. Ci, internal capsule; CM, centromedian nucleus; H1, Forel's field H1; H2, Forel's field H2; HYP, hypothalamus; Nc, substantia nigra, pars compacta; Nd, substantia nigra, pars reticulata; PCN, paracentral nucleus; PP, peduncular part of internal capsule; R, reticular nucleus of thalamus; RP, prerubral area; STN, subthalamic nucleus; TMT, mammillothalamic tract; VA, ventral anterior nucleus; VLm, ventral lateral nucleus, pars medialis; VLo, ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPLo, ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis; VPI, ventral posterior inferior nucleus; Zi, zona incerta. F + 10.5, F + 9.3, and F + 7.5 refer to stereotaxic frontal planes rostral to interaural reference plane.

From Hartmann‐von Monakow et al. 120


Figure 27.

Low‐power photomicrograph of autoradiograph of 3H‐amino acids injected into subthalamic nucleus of the monkey.

From Nauta and Cole 227


Figure 28.

Dark‐field photomicrograph of a section from same monkey as shown in Figure 26, demonstrating transport of isotope to both segments of globus pallidus. White arrow indicates position of medial medullary lamina separating medial and lateral pallidal segments.

From Nauta and Cole 227


Figure 29.

Photomicrograph of a discrete lesion in subthalamic nucleus of monkey. Lesion produced contralateral subthalamic dyskinesia.

From Carpenter et al. 39


Figure 30.

Transverse section through junction of the human midbrain and diencephalon demonstrating red nucleus, portions of substantia nigra, and caudal pole of subthalamic nucleus.

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Article Title: Anatomy of the Corpus Striatum and Brain Stem Integrating Systems
 

How to Cite

Malcolm B. Carpenter. Anatomy of the Corpus Striatum and Brain Stem Integrating Systems. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 2: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control: 947-995. First published in print 1981. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010219