Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Control of Breathing in Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Lungs

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Dyspnea
2 Resistive Loads and Airway Obstruction
2.1 Definition
2.2 Disease States
2.3 Extrinsic Resistive Loading as a Model of Airway Obstruction
2.4 Effect of Administration of O2‐Enriched Mixtures in Hypercapnic COPD Patients
2.5 Strength and Endurance of Respiratory Muscles
3 Elastic Loads and Lung Restriction
3.1 Definition
3.2 Diseases of Increased Elastic Loading
3.3 Patterns of Breathing in Diseases of Elastic Loading
3.4 Lung Restriction With Hyperventilation
4 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
5 Chest Wall Elastic Loading with Adequate Alveolar Ventilation
6 Lung and Chest Wall Restriction with Hypoventilation
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2) plotted against %‐predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PRED FEV1) in patients during acute asthmatic attacks. Shaded area, normal range.

From McFadden and Lyons 173
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Results of inspiratory flow‐resistive loading on ventilatory response (V) to hypercapnia (A) and on occlusion pressure response (P100) to hypercapnia (B) in normocapnic patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. •, Control values; x, values obtained during inspiratory flow‐resistive loading. In normal subjects inspiratory flow resistive‐loading increased the slope of P100 vs. alveolar partial pressure of CO2 (PAco2).

From Altose et al. 5
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Average ventilatory and airway occlusion pressure responses (P100) to partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2) in normal subjects (▴), patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who exhibited a load response (○), and patients without a load response (•). Vi, inspiratory volume. Mean effect of naloxone was restoration of load compensation in patients without initial load response.

From Santiago et al. 242
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Block diagram of reflex pathways in respiratory control system.

Figure 5. Figure 5.

effect of inhalation of 1%–2% histamine aerosol (5 breaths) on ventilation and lung mechanics in 3 dogs.

data in which histamine challenge was performed 5 min after 0.1% terbutaline aerosol (30 breaths). Open bars, control conditions; closed bars, experimental conditions.

From Bleecker et al. 20
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Changes in ventilation after 15 min of inhalation of 100% O2 in 22 hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients as percentage of room air ventilation [] vs. corresponding changes in arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2). There was no significant correlation.

From Aubier et al. 9
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Relationship between arterial O2 saturation (Sao2) and end‐tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PETco2) producing hypoxic electroencephalogram changes in normal subjects. •, Sao2/PETco2 combination at which slow‐wave activity was first detected in subject during progressive eucapnic hypoxia with Petco2 held constant at the value indicated.

From Rebuck et al. 215


Figure 1.

Arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2) plotted against %‐predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PRED FEV1) in patients during acute asthmatic attacks. Shaded area, normal range.

From McFadden and Lyons 173


Figure 2.

Results of inspiratory flow‐resistive loading on ventilatory response (V) to hypercapnia (A) and on occlusion pressure response (P100) to hypercapnia (B) in normocapnic patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. •, Control values; x, values obtained during inspiratory flow‐resistive loading. In normal subjects inspiratory flow resistive‐loading increased the slope of P100 vs. alveolar partial pressure of CO2 (PAco2).

From Altose et al. 5


Figure 3.

Average ventilatory and airway occlusion pressure responses (P100) to partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2) in normal subjects (▴), patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who exhibited a load response (○), and patients without a load response (•). Vi, inspiratory volume. Mean effect of naloxone was restoration of load compensation in patients without initial load response.

From Santiago et al. 242


Figure 4.

Block diagram of reflex pathways in respiratory control system.



Figure 5.

effect of inhalation of 1%–2% histamine aerosol (5 breaths) on ventilation and lung mechanics in 3 dogs.

data in which histamine challenge was performed 5 min after 0.1% terbutaline aerosol (30 breaths). Open bars, control conditions; closed bars, experimental conditions.

From Bleecker et al. 20


Figure 6.

Changes in ventilation after 15 min of inhalation of 100% O2 in 22 hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients as percentage of room air ventilation [] vs. corresponding changes in arterial partial pressure of CO2 (Paco2). There was no significant correlation.

From Aubier et al. 9


Figure 7.

Relationship between arterial O2 saturation (Sao2) and end‐tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PETco2) producing hypoxic electroencephalogram changes in normal subjects. •, Sao2/PETco2 combination at which slow‐wave activity was first detected in subject during progressive eucapnic hypoxia with Petco2 held constant at the value indicated.

From Rebuck et al. 215
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A. S. Rebuck, A. S. Slutsky. Control of Breathing in Diseases of the Respiratory Tract and Lungs. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing: 771-791. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030224