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Lung Recoil: Elastic and Rheological Properties

Frederic G. Hoppin, Joseph C. Stothert, Ian A. Greaves, Yih‐Loong Lai, Jacob Hildebrandt

10.1002/cphy.cp030313

Source: Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Historical Background
2 Pressure‐Volume Relationships
2.1 Excised Lungs
2.2 Liquid Filling
2.3 Temperature
2.4 Quantification
3 Rheological Properties
3.1 Hysteresis, Stress Adaptation, and Creep
3.2 Structural Basis
3.3 Rheological Models
4 Force‐Bearing Structures
4.1 Airways and Vasculature
4.2 Pleura and Interlobular Septa
4.3 Alveolar Septa
5 Connective Tissue
5.1 Components
5.2 Collagen‐Elastin Interactions
6 Interfacial Tension
6.1 Air‐Liquid Interface
6.2 Estimation of Interfacial Tension From Pressure‐Volume Curves
6.3 Direct Estimation of Interfacial Tension in Situ
6.4 Cell Medium Interfacial Tension
7 Contractile Elements
7.1 Airways
7.2 Alveolar Duct
7.3 Septa
7.4 Functional Implications
8 Postmortem Changes
8.1 Lung Tissue
8.2 Lung Surface
8.3 Airways
9 Nonuniformities of Ventilation
9.1 Synchrony of Ventilation
9.2 Gas Dilution
Figure 1.

Four inflation‐deflation maneuvers in excised rabbit lung generating characteristic volume‐pressure loops. a: Inflation from degassed state shows transpulmonary pressures in excess of 20 cmH2O required before there is substantial opening. On deflation to 0 cmH2O emptying is incomplete, with substantial air trapped in lung. b: Repeated cycles between 0 and 30 cmH2O show stable loops. Lung is now much more easily opened than in α, but still becomes relatively stiff near 30 cmH2O. c: Small volume cycles (such as in tidal breaths in vivo) run between ∼3 and 8 cmH2O. d: With air removed and saline introduced, lung shows much less recoil over same volume range.
Figure 2.

Deflation volume‐pressure characteristics of lungs filled with different substances.
Figure 3.

Temperature effects on volume‐pressure loops. A: air‐filled lungs; B: saline‐filled lungs.

Adapted from Inoue et al. 71
Figure 4.

Stress adaptation in normal lung showing time course of transpulmonary pressure in air‐filled (solid line) and saline‐filled (dashed line) cat lungs. Top curve, behavior after inflation to total lung capacity (TLC); lower curves, after deflation from TLC to 85%, 70%, 55%, 40%, and 21% TLC.
Figure 5.

Schematic description of viscoelastic, plastoelastic mechanism constructed of springs, dashpots, and dry‐friction elements.
Figure 6.

Light micrograph of dog lung showing network of alveolar septa that constitutes parenchyma. Air inflated to 55% total lung capacity, fixed with intravascular osmium tetroxide and tannin. Bar, 100 μm; × 156.
Figure 7.

A: volume‐pressure deflation curves for air‐filled and saline‐filled lungs. B: surface area‐surface tension relationship calculated from differences in pressure of saline‐filled and air‐filled lungs and assumptions of isotropic deflation and simple summation of tissue and surface contributions.
Figure 8.

A: plots of tissue (U), surface (∫γdS), and total (E) energies against surface areas (S). B: surface tension‐lung volume relationships obtained by Bachofen et al. 4, Schürch 116, and Wilson 138.
Figure 9.

Schematic relationships among contact angles and interfacial tensions, forming basis for experiments of Schürch and colleagues 114.
Figure 10.

Volume‐pressure behavior of guinea pig lungs before and after excision.


Figure 1.

Four inflation‐deflation maneuvers in excised rabbit lung generating characteristic volume‐pressure loops. a: Inflation from degassed state shows transpulmonary pressures in excess of 20 cmH2O required before there is substantial opening. On deflation to 0 cmH2O emptying is incomplete, with substantial air trapped in lung. b: Repeated cycles between 0 and 30 cmH2O show stable loops. Lung is now much more easily opened than in α, but still becomes relatively stiff near 30 cmH2O. c: Small volume cycles (such as in tidal breaths in vivo) run between ∼3 and 8 cmH2O. d: With air removed and saline introduced, lung shows much less recoil over same volume range.



Figure 2.

Deflation volume‐pressure characteristics of lungs filled with different substances.



Figure 3.

Temperature effects on volume‐pressure loops. A: air‐filled lungs; B: saline‐filled lungs.

Adapted from Inoue et al. 71


Figure 4.

Stress adaptation in normal lung showing time course of transpulmonary pressure in air‐filled (solid line) and saline‐filled (dashed line) cat lungs. Top curve, behavior after inflation to total lung capacity (TLC); lower curves, after deflation from TLC to 85%, 70%, 55%, 40%, and 21% TLC.



Figure 5.

Schematic description of viscoelastic, plastoelastic mechanism constructed of springs, dashpots, and dry‐friction elements.



Figure 6.

Light micrograph of dog lung showing network of alveolar septa that constitutes parenchyma. Air inflated to 55% total lung capacity, fixed with intravascular osmium tetroxide and tannin. Bar, 100 μm; × 156.



Figure 7.

A: volume‐pressure deflation curves for air‐filled and saline‐filled lungs. B: surface area‐surface tension relationship calculated from differences in pressure of saline‐filled and air‐filled lungs and assumptions of isotropic deflation and simple summation of tissue and surface contributions.



Figure 8.

A: plots of tissue (U), surface (∫γdS), and total (E) energies against surface areas (S). B: surface tension‐lung volume relationships obtained by Bachofen et al. 4, Schürch 116, and Wilson 138.



Figure 9.

Schematic relationships among contact angles and interfacial tensions, forming basis for experiments of Schürch and colleagues 114.



Figure 10.

Volume‐pressure behavior of guinea pig lungs before and after excision.

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Article Title: Lung Recoil: Elastic and Rheological Properties
 

How to Cite

Frederic G. Hoppin, Joseph C. Stothert, Ian A. Greaves, Yih‐Loong Lai, Jacob Hildebrandt. Lung Recoil: Elastic and Rheological Properties. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing: 195-215. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030313