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Collateral Flow

Harold A. Menkes, Peter T. Macklem

10.1002/cphy.cp030321

Source: Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Communications for Collateral Flow
1.1 Alveolar Pores
1.2 Alternative Pathways for Collateral Flow
1.3 Collateral Communications and Disease
2 Resistance to Collateral Flow
2.1 Measurements of Collateral Flow
2.2 Effects of Species, Location, Size, and Age
2.3 Mechanical Factors
2.4 Pharmacological and Neural Control
2.5 Respiratory Gases
3 Collateral Flow
3.1 Pulmonary Interdependence
3.2 Time Constants for Collateral Ventilation
4 Gas Exchange and Collateral Flow
4.1 Gas Exchange in Obstructed Units
4.2 Collateral Flow and Local Regulation of Ventilation‐Perfusion Relationships
4.3 Airway Obstruction and Collateral Flow
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Potential pathways for collateral flow ().

From Menkes et al. 84
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Scanning electron micrographs of dog lung.

intratracheal fixation at instillation pressure of 30 cmH2O with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, stained with uranyl acetate, dehydrated, critical‐point dried, and coated with gold. Note numerous interalveolar communications. × 230.

perfusion fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution and processed as in A. Note paucity of interalveolar communications. × 230. (Photographs courtesy of Dr. Peter Gehr.)
Figure 3. Figure 3.

method for measurements of resistance in small airways and collateral channels. , flow; Pb, pressure in airway at point of obstruction; Ps, pressure in alveoli of obstructed segment; Palv, pressure in alveoli of the lung surrounding obstructed segment; Pao, pressure at airway opening. [From Menkes et al. 84.]

model of collateral system. , flow through collateral system; Rsaw, resistance of small airways; Rcoll, resistance of collateral communications.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Measurements of collateral mechanics after injection of methacholine in dog. After methacholine, a stop in flow () is followed by an abrupt decrease in pressure at bronchial obstruction (Pb) to level of pressure in obstructed segment (Ps). Difference between Pb and Ps is related to resistance in constricted airways distal to obstruction. τcoll, Time constant for collateral flow.

From Menkes and Traystman 83
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Determinants of magnitude of pulmonary interdependence (K). Top: in dog, when the lung surrounding an obstructed segment inflates from a pressure of 5 to 10 cmH2O, an outward‐acting pull results in a decrease of pressure from 5 to −5 cmH2O within segment. This corresponds to K = 2. In pig, in which K = 1, pressure in segment decreases from 5 to 0 cmH2O. Bottom: in spontaneously breathing pig, when the lung surrounding an obstructed segment inflates from a pressure of 5 to 10 cmH2O, pressure in segment decreases from 5 to −2 cmH2O (K = 1.4). With paralysis, K = 1. When the lung is excised, K = 0.1. Shape changes of obstructed segment may be responsible for low K values in the excised lung.

From Menkes and Traystman 83
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Effect of respiratory frequency on ventilation of collaterally ventilated units (VTs') compared to unobstructed units (VTs) with Rcoll · C's (τcoll) = 0.1 s and 0.5 s.

From Macklem 70
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Models for gas exchange.

separate pathways for ventilation () and perfusion ().

collateral communications for flow of blood and gas are included.


Figure 1.

Potential pathways for collateral flow ().

From Menkes et al. 84


Figure 2.

Scanning electron micrographs of dog lung.

intratracheal fixation at instillation pressure of 30 cmH2O with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, stained with uranyl acetate, dehydrated, critical‐point dried, and coated with gold. Note numerous interalveolar communications. × 230.

perfusion fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution and processed as in A. Note paucity of interalveolar communications. × 230. (Photographs courtesy of Dr. Peter Gehr.)



Figure 3.

method for measurements of resistance in small airways and collateral channels. , flow; Pb, pressure in airway at point of obstruction; Ps, pressure in alveoli of obstructed segment; Palv, pressure in alveoli of the lung surrounding obstructed segment; Pao, pressure at airway opening. [From Menkes et al. 84.]

model of collateral system. , flow through collateral system; Rsaw, resistance of small airways; Rcoll, resistance of collateral communications.



Figure 4.

Measurements of collateral mechanics after injection of methacholine in dog. After methacholine, a stop in flow () is followed by an abrupt decrease in pressure at bronchial obstruction (Pb) to level of pressure in obstructed segment (Ps). Difference between Pb and Ps is related to resistance in constricted airways distal to obstruction. τcoll, Time constant for collateral flow.

From Menkes and Traystman 83


Figure 5.

Determinants of magnitude of pulmonary interdependence (K). Top: in dog, when the lung surrounding an obstructed segment inflates from a pressure of 5 to 10 cmH2O, an outward‐acting pull results in a decrease of pressure from 5 to −5 cmH2O within segment. This corresponds to K = 2. In pig, in which K = 1, pressure in segment decreases from 5 to 0 cmH2O. Bottom: in spontaneously breathing pig, when the lung surrounding an obstructed segment inflates from a pressure of 5 to 10 cmH2O, pressure in segment decreases from 5 to −2 cmH2O (K = 1.4). With paralysis, K = 1. When the lung is excised, K = 0.1. Shape changes of obstructed segment may be responsible for low K values in the excised lung.

From Menkes and Traystman 83


Figure 6.

Effect of respiratory frequency on ventilation of collaterally ventilated units (VTs') compared to unobstructed units (VTs) with Rcoll · C's (τcoll) = 0.1 s and 0.5 s.

From Macklem 70


Figure 7.

Models for gas exchange.

separate pathways for ventilation () and perfusion ().

collateral communications for flow of blood and gas are included.

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Article Title: Collateral Flow
 

How to Cite

Harold A. Menkes, Peter T. Macklem. Collateral Flow. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing: 337-353. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030321