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Tests of Mechanical Function

N. R. Anthonisen

10.1002/cphy.cp030344

Source: Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Lung Volumes
1.1 Vital Capacity
1.2 Functional Residual Capacity and Residual Volume
1.3 Determinants of Lung Volume
2 Static Recoil
2.1 Lung Recoil
2.2 Chest Wall Recoil
3 Resistance
3.1 Methods of Measurement
3.2 Determinants of Resistance
4 Forced Expiration
4.1 Measurement
4.2 Determinants of Forced Expiratory Flow
4.3 Other Tests
5 Distributional Tests
5.1 Frequency Dependence of Compliance and Resistance
5.2 Closing Volume
Figure 1.

Lung volumes as defined by spirometer tracing on right. TLC, total lung capacity; VC, vital capacity; RV, residual volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; FRC, functional residual capacity; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; TV, tidal volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume.

From Comroe et al. 60, The Lung: Clinical Physiology and Pulmonary Function Tests (2nd ed.). Copyright 1962 by Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, IL
Figure 2.

Elastic recoil of lung, chest wall, and lung plus chest wall (algebraic sum of pressure pertaining to lung and chest wall curves at equal volumes). Ordinate, volume in percent TLC; abscissa, pressure difference across each structure, pressure on outside being subtracted from pressure on inside.

Adapted from Rahn et al. 295
Figure 3.

Determinants of RV. Four spirometer tracings shown, 2 (A, B) from young subject and 2 (C, D) from old subject. Expired volume (ordinates) plotted against time (abscissas) as in each tracing the subject approaches RV. In A and C, maximum expirations are unaided; in B and D, positive external pressure is applied to chest wall (squeeze).

Adapted from Leith and Mead 199
Figure 4.

Effect of volume of esophageal balloon on measured esophageal pressure. Ordinate, esophageal pressure in cmH2O; abscissa, balloon volume in ml. Data collected at lung volumes ranging from 0% to 100% VC. Solid lines, esophageal pressure‐volume relationship at each lung volume; dashed line, pressure‐volume characteristic of isolated esophageal balloon; dotted line, esophageal pressure‐volume relationship for system with volume‐displacement coefficient of 0.05 ml/cmH2O and balloon volume of 2 ml at atmospheric pressure. Pes, esophageal pressure; Ves, esophageal balloon volume.

From Milic‐Emili et al. 250
Figure 5.

Effect of age on pressure‐volume curve of the lung. Ordinate, volume in percent TLC; abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Each curve from a group of normal nonsmoking men averaging 29 yr, 49 yr, and 70 yr.

Adapted from Knudson et al. 184
Figure 6.

Pulmonary pressure‐flow curves. Ordinate, flow in liters/s; abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Positive flow is inspiratory, negative flow is expiratory. Ovoid figure, flow and transpulmonary pressure during slight hyperventilation; heavy solid line, pressure‐flow relationship of several larger breaths after volume‐related pressure has been subtracted.

Adapted from Mead and Whittenberger 241
Figure 7.

Isovolume expiratory pressure‐flow curves. Ordinate, flow (); abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Data gathered at 4 lung volumes are shown.

Adapted from Hyatt et al. 162
Figure 8.

Recordings of forced expiration. Upper, spirogram where volume in lung (in percent VC) is plotted against time. Lower. maximum expiratory flow‐volume curve, in which maximum flow (ordinate) is plotted against the lung volume at which it occurs.
Figure 9.

Closing volume tracing. Left: [133Xe] resulting from inhalation of 133Xe boluses at onset of slow VC inspiration; regional concentrations were measured at TLC. Right: expired [133Xe] during subsequent slow VC expiration. Ordinates, [133Xe] with same scale; left abscissa, distance (D) from apex (0 cm) to base of erect lung; right abscissa, lung volume during expiration. FA, fractional concentration in dry alveolar gas; , fractional concentration in dry expired gas; mCi, millicuries.

Adapted from Millette et al. 252


Figure 1.

Lung volumes as defined by spirometer tracing on right. TLC, total lung capacity; VC, vital capacity; RV, residual volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; FRC, functional residual capacity; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; TV, tidal volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume.

From Comroe et al. 60, The Lung: Clinical Physiology and Pulmonary Function Tests (2nd ed.). Copyright 1962 by Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, IL


Figure 2.

Elastic recoil of lung, chest wall, and lung plus chest wall (algebraic sum of pressure pertaining to lung and chest wall curves at equal volumes). Ordinate, volume in percent TLC; abscissa, pressure difference across each structure, pressure on outside being subtracted from pressure on inside.

Adapted from Rahn et al. 295


Figure 3.

Determinants of RV. Four spirometer tracings shown, 2 (A, B) from young subject and 2 (C, D) from old subject. Expired volume (ordinates) plotted against time (abscissas) as in each tracing the subject approaches RV. In A and C, maximum expirations are unaided; in B and D, positive external pressure is applied to chest wall (squeeze).

Adapted from Leith and Mead 199


Figure 4.

Effect of volume of esophageal balloon on measured esophageal pressure. Ordinate, esophageal pressure in cmH2O; abscissa, balloon volume in ml. Data collected at lung volumes ranging from 0% to 100% VC. Solid lines, esophageal pressure‐volume relationship at each lung volume; dashed line, pressure‐volume characteristic of isolated esophageal balloon; dotted line, esophageal pressure‐volume relationship for system with volume‐displacement coefficient of 0.05 ml/cmH2O and balloon volume of 2 ml at atmospheric pressure. Pes, esophageal pressure; Ves, esophageal balloon volume.

From Milic‐Emili et al. 250


Figure 5.

Effect of age on pressure‐volume curve of the lung. Ordinate, volume in percent TLC; abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Each curve from a group of normal nonsmoking men averaging 29 yr, 49 yr, and 70 yr.

Adapted from Knudson et al. 184


Figure 6.

Pulmonary pressure‐flow curves. Ordinate, flow in liters/s; abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Positive flow is inspiratory, negative flow is expiratory. Ovoid figure, flow and transpulmonary pressure during slight hyperventilation; heavy solid line, pressure‐flow relationship of several larger breaths after volume‐related pressure has been subtracted.

Adapted from Mead and Whittenberger 241


Figure 7.

Isovolume expiratory pressure‐flow curves. Ordinate, flow (); abscissa, transpulmonary pressure. Data gathered at 4 lung volumes are shown.

Adapted from Hyatt et al. 162


Figure 8.

Recordings of forced expiration. Upper, spirogram where volume in lung (in percent VC) is plotted against time. Lower. maximum expiratory flow‐volume curve, in which maximum flow (ordinate) is plotted against the lung volume at which it occurs.



Figure 9.

Closing volume tracing. Left: [133Xe] resulting from inhalation of 133Xe boluses at onset of slow VC inspiration; regional concentrations were measured at TLC. Right: expired [133Xe] during subsequent slow VC expiration. Ordinates, [133Xe] with same scale; left abscissa, distance (D) from apex (0 cm) to base of erect lung; right abscissa, lung volume during expiration. FA, fractional concentration in dry alveolar gas; , fractional concentration in dry expired gas; mCi, millicuries.

Adapted from Millette et al. 252
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Article Title: Tests of Mechanical Function
 

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N. R. Anthonisen. Tests of Mechanical Function. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 12: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Mechanics of Breathing: 753-784. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030344