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Adaptations: Some General Characteristics

Melvin J. Fregly

10.1002/cphy.cp040101

Source: Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Stressor–Strain Relationships
2 Kinetics of Acclimation and Deacclimation
3 Classification of Adaptive Environments
4 Cross‐Acclimations
4.1 Methods to Study Cross‐Acclimation
4.2 Cross‐Acclimation between Cold and Hypoxia
4.3 Cross‐Acclimation between Cold and Heat
4.4 Cross‐Acclimation between Restraint and Either Cold or Hypoxia
4.5 Cross‐Acclimation between Heat and Hypoxia/Anoxia
4.6 Cross‐Acclimation between X‐Radiation and Either Cold or Exercise
4.7 Cross‐Acclimation between Exercise and Hypoxia
4.8 Cellular Cross‐Acclimations
5 Cross‐Acclimation: Assessment by Acute Simultaneous Exposure to Two Stressors
6 Acclimation to Two Stressors
7 Adaptations: Role in Pathophysiology
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Levels of acquired acclimatization and their characteristics.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Time course of changes in seven physiological responses occurring in rates during and following a 20‐day exposure to air at 5°C.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Hematocrit ratios in rats exposed for 28 days to five levels of hypoxia.

Drawn from data of Sundstroem and Michaels 58
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Effect of daily exposures to 12,000 m simulated altitude on the mean (± SE) no‐righting time of 16 rats living in air at 25°C (closed circles) and 16 others living in air at 5°C (open circles). No‐righting time is designated as the time from arrival at 12,000 m simulated altitude to loss of righting reflex.

Redrawn from Fregly 26
Figure 5. Figure 5.

A: Effect of chronic exposure to cold (open circles), and X‐radiation (closed triangles) on survival of rats exposed to an ambient pressure of 300 mm Hg (7,080 m simulated altitude). Survival of control rats (closed circles) is also shown. B: Effect of a chronic exercise regimen on survival of rats exposed to an ambient pressure to 300 mm Hg. Work I group (open circles) ran on a treadmill, tilted up at 26°, at 0.3 mile/h for 14 days. Work II group (open triangles) ran under the same conditions for 21 days. Respective control groups were control I (closed circles) and control II (closed triangles).

Drawn from data of Sundstroem and Michaels 58
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Interaction of seven different adaptagents or stressors in rats. After acclimation to a given stressor was complete, responses to acute exposures of the same (homologous) and to other (cross‐acclimation) adaptagents or stressors were tested. A plus sign refers to positive cross‐acclimation, while a minu sign refers to negative cross‐acclimation. Question marks refer to results of doubtful signficance.

Data from sources described in text
Figure 7. Figure 7.

A: Effect of dietary administration of two different isomers of the insecticide DDD for 19 wk on mean (± SE) accumulative fecal excretion of 131I after intraperitoneal administration of thyroxine‐131I to rats. Groups and treatments are designated in the figure. B: Effect of dietary administration of DDD on simultaneous mean (± SE) accumulative excretion of 131I in urine.

Redrawn from Fregly et al. 34


Figure 1.

Levels of acquired acclimatization and their characteristics.



Figure 2.

Time course of changes in seven physiological responses occurring in rates during and following a 20‐day exposure to air at 5°C.



Figure 3.

Hematocrit ratios in rats exposed for 28 days to five levels of hypoxia.

Drawn from data of Sundstroem and Michaels 58


Figure 4.

Effect of daily exposures to 12,000 m simulated altitude on the mean (± SE) no‐righting time of 16 rats living in air at 25°C (closed circles) and 16 others living in air at 5°C (open circles). No‐righting time is designated as the time from arrival at 12,000 m simulated altitude to loss of righting reflex.

Redrawn from Fregly 26


Figure 5.

A: Effect of chronic exposure to cold (open circles), and X‐radiation (closed triangles) on survival of rats exposed to an ambient pressure of 300 mm Hg (7,080 m simulated altitude). Survival of control rats (closed circles) is also shown. B: Effect of a chronic exercise regimen on survival of rats exposed to an ambient pressure to 300 mm Hg. Work I group (open circles) ran on a treadmill, tilted up at 26°, at 0.3 mile/h for 14 days. Work II group (open triangles) ran under the same conditions for 21 days. Respective control groups were control I (closed circles) and control II (closed triangles).

Drawn from data of Sundstroem and Michaels 58


Figure 6.

Interaction of seven different adaptagents or stressors in rats. After acclimation to a given stressor was complete, responses to acute exposures of the same (homologous) and to other (cross‐acclimation) adaptagents or stressors were tested. A plus sign refers to positive cross‐acclimation, while a minu sign refers to negative cross‐acclimation. Question marks refer to results of doubtful signficance.

Data from sources described in text


Figure 7.

A: Effect of dietary administration of two different isomers of the insecticide DDD for 19 wk on mean (± SE) accumulative fecal excretion of 131I after intraperitoneal administration of thyroxine‐131I to rats. Groups and treatments are designated in the figure. B: Effect of dietary administration of DDD on simultaneous mean (± SE) accumulative excretion of 131I in urine.

Redrawn from Fregly et al. 34
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Article Title: Adaptations: Some General Characteristics
 

How to Cite

Melvin J. Fregly. Adaptations: Some General Characteristics. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology: 3-15. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp040101