Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Tissue and Cellular Reactions to Particles, Fibers, and Aerosols Retained after Inhalation

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Nature and Origin of Materials Retained
2 Tissue and Cellular Reactions to Retained Materials
2.1 Effect of Size and Shape on the Fate of Inhaled Particles and Fibers
2.2 Mechanism of Phagocytosis
3 Silica
3.1 Amorphous Silica
3.2 Crystalline Silica
4 Asbestos
4.1 In Vitro Studies
4.2 In Vivo Effects
4.3 Carcinogenicity of Asbestos
5 Fibrogenesis and The Fibroblastic Reaction
6 Coal
6.1 In Vivo Effects
6.2 Phagocytosis and Cytotoxicity
7 Other Materials
8 Aerosols
8.1 Cigarette Smoke
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Normal hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin and treated with amorphous silica (Fransil) (72 μg/5 × 105 cells). Photographed 4 h after administration of dust. Note pronounced cytotoxic effects. × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Diagram showing uptake of silica particle into a phagosome (I), release of lysosomal enzymes into the phagosome and subsequent leakage of these enzymes into the cytoplasm (II).

From Harington & Allison 68
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Electron micrograph of a special grade of chrysotile fibers from Coalinga, New Idria, California.

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Electron micrograph of an ultrasonically dispersed specimen of crocidolite.

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Electron micrograph of an ultrasonically dispersed specimen of amosite. 69.]

Figure 7. Figure 7.

Classification of the major types of asbestos.

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Diagram showing the different structures that can be formed by linking the silicon‐oxygen tetrahedra. A, single chains; B, double chains (amphiboles); and C, sheets (chrysotile).

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Schematic diagram showing the atomic arrangement in chrysotile.

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Schematic diagram showing the structure of amphiboles.

From Harington et al. 69
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 3 days, treated with UICC chrysotile (72 μg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 4 h after administration of dust. Note pronounced cytotoxic effects, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 3 days and treated with 100 μm chrysotile. × 310.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 5 days, treated with UICC crocidolite (144 μg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 72 h after administration of dust. × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 5 days, treated with UICC amosite (144 μmg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 72 h after administration of dust. Note fibroblast at center showing no phagocytosis, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Electron micrograph of mouse peritoneal macrophages given chrysotile asbestos, 100 μg/ml medium. Note uptake of fibers into phagosomes and some lying free in cytoplasm. × 25,000.

Figure 16. Figure 16.

Release of acid phosphatase into cell culture medium after macrophages have been exposed to various mineral dusts over 65 h.

From Miller & Harington 111
Figure 17. Figure 17.

Measurements of fiber diameters of asbestos from 11 crocidolite mines in the northwestern Cape and from different levels in two crocidolite and three amosite mines in the Transvaal. A, northwestern Cape (crocidolite); B, Transvaal (amosite, crocidolite).

Adapted from Timbrell et al. 167


Figure 1.

Normal hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 2.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin and treated with amorphous silica (Fransil) (72 μg/5 × 105 cells). Photographed 4 h after administration of dust. Note pronounced cytotoxic effects. × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 3.

Diagram showing uptake of silica particle into a phagosome (I), release of lysosomal enzymes into the phagosome and subsequent leakage of these enzymes into the cytoplasm (II).

From Harington & Allison 68


Figure 4.

Electron micrograph of a special grade of chrysotile fibers from Coalinga, New Idria, California.

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 5.

Electron micrograph of an ultrasonically dispersed specimen of crocidolite.

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 6.

Electron micrograph of an ultrasonically dispersed specimen of amosite. 69.]



Figure 7.

Classification of the major types of asbestos.

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 8.

Diagram showing the different structures that can be formed by linking the silicon‐oxygen tetrahedra. A, single chains; B, double chains (amphiboles); and C, sheets (chrysotile).

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 9.

Schematic diagram showing the atomic arrangement in chrysotile.

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 10.

Schematic diagram showing the structure of amphiboles.

From Harington et al. 69


Figure 11.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 3 days, treated with UICC chrysotile (72 μg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 4 h after administration of dust. Note pronounced cytotoxic effects, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 12.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 3 days and treated with 100 μm chrysotile. × 310.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 13.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 5 days, treated with UICC crocidolite (144 μg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 72 h after administration of dust. × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 14.

Hamster peritoneal macrophages fixed and stained with hematoxylin. These cells were cultured for 5 days, treated with UICC amosite (144 μmg/5 × 105 cells), and photographed 72 h after administration of dust. Note fibroblast at center showing no phagocytosis, × 270.

From Bey & Harington 19


Figure 15.

Electron micrograph of mouse peritoneal macrophages given chrysotile asbestos, 100 μg/ml medium. Note uptake of fibers into phagosomes and some lying free in cytoplasm. × 25,000.



Figure 16.

Release of acid phosphatase into cell culture medium after macrophages have been exposed to various mineral dusts over 65 h.

From Miller & Harington 111


Figure 17.

Measurements of fiber diameters of asbestos from 11 crocidolite mines in the northwestern Cape and from different levels in two crocidolite and three amosite mines in the Transvaal. A, northwestern Cape (crocidolite); B, Transvaal (amosite, crocidolite).

Adapted from Timbrell et al. 167
References
 1. Albert, R. E., and M. Lippmann. Factors influencing dust retention in the pulmonary parenchyma. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 37–45, 1972.
 2. Allison, A. C. Lysosomes in disease. Scientific American 217: 62–72, 1967.
 3. Allison, A. C. Some effects of pharmacologically active compounds on membranes. Brit. Med. Bull. 24: 135–140, 1968.
 4. Allison, A. C. Lysosomes and the toxicity of particulate pollutants. Arch. Internal Med. 128: 131–139, 1971.
 5. Allison, A. C., Experimental Methods — cell and tissue culture: effects of asbestos particles on macrophages, mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon, France: IARC, 1973, p. 89–93. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972, IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 6. Allison, A. C. On the role of microfilaments and microtubules in cell movement, endocytosis and exocytosis. Ciba Symp. 14: 109–148, 1973.
 7. Allison, A. C. Pathogenic effects of inhaled particles and antigens. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 221: 299–308, 1974.
 8. Allison, A. C., P. Davies, and S. De Petris. Role of contractile microfilaments in macrophage movement and endocytosis. Nature New Biol. 232: 153–155, 1971.
 9. Allison, A. C., J. S. Harington, and M. Birbeck. An examination of the cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages. J. Exptl. Med. 124: 141–154, 1966.
 10. Allison, A. C., J. S. Harington, M. Birbeck, and T. Nash. Observations on the cytotoxic action of silica on macrophages. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 121–128. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 11. Bates, C. J., A. J. Bailey, C. J. Prynne, and C. I. Levene. The effect of ascorbic acid on the synthesis of collagen precursor secreted by 3T6 mouse fibroblasts in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 278: 372–390, 1972.
 12. Beck, E. G. Die Reaktion in vitro gezuchteter Zellen auf partikel‐formige Luftverunreinigungen und hochpolymere Stoffe. Köln Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1970. (Nordhein‐Westfalen District Research Report No. 2083).
 13. Beck, E. G., J. Bruch, K‐H. Friedrichs, W. Hilscher, and F. Pott. Fibrous silicates in animal experiments and cell‐culture; morphological cell and tissue reactions according to different physical chemical influences. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 477–486. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 14. Beck, E. G., P. F. Holt, and E. T. Nasrallah. Effects of chrysotile and acid‐treated chrysotile on macrophage cultures. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 28: 179–185, 1971.
 15. Beck, E. G., J. Sack, and J. Bruch. Die Wirkung von Asbeststäuben auf die in vitro gezüchtete Zette. Fortschrifte der Staublungenforsch. 2: 481–487, 1967.
 16. Beeckmans, J. M. The deposition of asbestos particles in the human respiratory tract. Intern. J. Environ. Studies 1: 31–34, 1970.
 17. Bergman, I., Discussion. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 104. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 18. Berry, G., M. L. Newhouse, and M. Turok. Combined effect of asbestos exposure and smoking on mortality from lung cancer in factory workers. Lancet 2: 476–479, 1972.
 19. Bey, E., and J. S. Harington. Cytotoxic effects of some mineral dusts on Syrian hamster peritoneal macrophages. J. Exptl. Med. 133: 1149–1169, 1971.
 20. Brain, J. D., The effects of increased particles on the number of alveolar macrophages. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 209–223. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 21. Brieger, H., and P. Gross. Lung lesions observed one month after intratracheal injections of not quartz‐free coesite (1.5% quartz). Beitr. Silikose‐Forsch. 81: 43–50, 1964.
 22. Brieger, H., and P. Gross. On the theory of silicosis. I. Coesite. Arch. Environ. Health 13: 38–43, 1966.
 23. Brieger, H., and P. Gross. On the theory of silicosis. III. Stishovite. Arch. Environ. Health 15: 751–757, 1967.
 24. Bruch, J., Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen zur Quartzstaubphagocytose. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 447–451. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc, London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 25. Brünner, H. Beeinflussung der Viskosität organischer Flüssigkeiten durch Aerosil. Informationsdienst Nr. 3: 42–55, 1960.
 26. Bryson, G, and F. Bischoff. Silicate‐induced neoplasms. Progr. Exptl. Tumor Res. 9: 77–164, 1967.
 27. Burrell, R., and M. Anderson. The induction of fibrogenesis by silica‐treated alveolar macrophages. Environ. Res. 6: 389–394, 1973.
 28. Cartwright, J., Airborne dust in coal mines: the particlesize‐selection characteristics of the lung and the desirable characteristics of dust sampling instruments. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 393–406. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 29. Cartwright, J., and G. Nagelschmidt. The size and shape of dust from human lungs and its relation to selective sampling. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961, p. 445–452. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Oxford, 29 Mar.‐1 Apr. 1960).
 30. Chatgidakis, C. B. Silicosis in South African white gold miners. A comparative study of the disease in its different stages. Med. Proc. 9: 383–392, 1963.
 31. Chatgidakis, C. B. An autopsy survey of Bantu South African coal‐miners. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 20: 236–242, 1963.
 32. Chiappino, G., M. A. Marchisio, G. F. Peruzzo, and E. C. Vigliani. The prevention of silicosis by polymers other than P204. Fortschritte der Staublungenforsch. Bd. 2: 205–212, 1967.
 33. Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis., International Conference on Workers' Pneumoconiosis, New York Academy of Science, Sept. 13–17, 1971. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 1–861, 1972.
 34. Coes, L. A new dense silica. Science 111: 131–132, 1953.
 35. Comolli, R. Cytotoxicity of silica and liberation of lysosomal enzymes. J. Pathol. Bacterial. 93: 241–253, 1967.
 36. Comunita Europea Del Carbone e Dell'Acciaio, Alta Autorita., Collezione di igiene e di medicina del lavoro. N.6. Richerche fondamentali sulla pneumoconiosi, 1967, p. 1–93.
 37. Davis, J. M. G. The effect of chrysotile asbestos dusts on lung macrophages maintained in organ culture. Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 48: 379–385, 1967.
 38. Davis, J. M. G. The fibrogenic effects of mineral dusts injected into the pleural cavity of mice. Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 53: 190–201, 1972.
 39. Dehnen, W., and J. Fetzer. Zur Wirkung von Quartz auf Lysosomen in vitro. Naturwiss. 54: 23, 1967.
 40. Denny, J. J., W. D. Robson, and D. A. Irwin. Prevention of silicosis by metallic aluminum: preliminary report. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 37: 1–11, 1937.
 41. Denny, J. J., W. D. Robson, and D. A. Irwin. Prevention of silicosis by metallic aluminum. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 40: 213–228, 1939.
 42. Doll, R. Prevention of Cancer. Pointers from Epidemiology. The Rock Carling Fellowship 1967; Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, London: Whitefriars Press Ltd. 1967, p. 1–143.
 43. Doll, R. Cancers related to smoking. In: The Second World Conference on Smoking and Health, edited by R. G. Richardson. London: Pitman Medical, 1972, p. 10–34.
 44. (Proc. Conf. Health Education Council, Imperial College, London, 20–24 Sept. 1971).
 45. Editorial, The smoking disease. Brit. Med. J. 5740: 61–62, 1971.
 46. Evans, J. C., R. J. Evans, A. Holmes, R. F. Hounam, D. M. Jones, A. Morgan, and M. Walsh. Studies on the deposition of inhaled fibrous material in the respiratory tract of the rat and its subsequent clearance using radioactive tracer techniques. 1. U.I.C.C. crocidolite asbestos. Harwell, England: U. K. Atomic Energy Authority Health Physics and Medical Division, 1972, p. 1–13. (U. K. Atomic Energy Authority Research Report No. R7082).
 47. Ferin, J. Observations concerning alveolar dust clearance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 66–72, 1972.
 48. Ferin, J., G. Urbánková, and A. Vlöková. Influence of tobacco smoke on the elimination of particles from the lungs. Nature 206: 515–516, 1965.
 49. Fetzer, J. Speicherung von Polyvinylpyridin‐N‐oxid in Lysosomen. Naturwiss. 54: 518–519, 1967.
 50. Friedrichs, K. H., W. Hilscher, and S. Sethi. Staubund Gewebeuntersuchungen an Ratten nach intraperitonealer Injektion von Asbest. Intern. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 28: 341–354, 1971.
 51. Gilson, J. C. Wyers Memorial Lecture, 1965: Health hazards of asbestos. Recent studies on its biological effects. Trans. Soc. Occupational Med. 16: 62–74, 1966.
 52. Gilson, J. C. The biological effects of asbestos. U.I.C.C. Bulletin Cancer 10: 3–4, 1972.
 53. Gilson, J. C., Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 341–346. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972, IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 54. Godber, G. E. Smoking disease: a self‐inflicted injury. Am. J. Public Health 60: 235–242, 1970.
 55. Goetz, A., The physics of aerosols in the submicron range. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961, p. 295–301. (Proc. Intern. Symp. Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Oxford, 29 Mar.‐10 Apr. 1960).
 56. Goldstein, B., and I. Webster. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis in South Africa. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 306–315, 1972.
 57. Goldstein, B., I. Webster, and H. S. Sichel. Evaluation of experimental methods in the determination of the fibrogenic action of dusts. Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 43: 38–43, 1962.
 58. Green, G. M. Cigarette smoke: protection of alveolar macrophages by glutathione and cysteine. Science 162: 810–811, 1968.
 59. Green, G. M., and D. Carolin. The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on the in vitro antibacterial activity of alveolar macrophages. New Engl. J. Med. 276: 421–427, 1967.
 60. Gross, P., and R. T. P. de Treville. Experimental silicosis: studies on the progressiveness of the pulmonary fibrosis caused by chrysotile dust. Arch. Environ. Health 15: 638–649, 1967.
 61. Gross, P., A. I. de Villiers, and R. T. P. de Treville. Experimental silicosis: the “atypical” reaction in the Syrian hamster. Arch. Pathol. 84: 87–94, 1967.
 62. Harington, J. S. A study of the chemical composition and potential hazards of an antifoam substance used in intracardiac surgery. Thorax 16: 120–127, 1961.
 63. Harington, J. S. Some biological actions of silica: their part in the pathogenesis of silicosis. S. African Med. J. 37: 451–456, 1963.
 64. Harington, J. S. Studies on silica shock in the rabbit. II. The possibility of release of “contact factor” by colloidal silica, and vasoconstriction or pulmonary embolism as the cause of death. Medna Lav. 54: 769–780, 1963.
 65. Harington, J. S. Antifoam materials: their use in intracardiac surgery. Med. Proc. 9: 418–419, 1963.
 66. Harington, J. S. Recent work on the cytopathic effects of mineral dusts. S. African J. Med. Lab. Technol. 15: 13–17, 1969.
 67. Harington, J. S. Investigative techniques in the laboratory study of coal workers' pneumoconiosis: Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 816–834, 1972.
 68. Harington, J. S. Fibrogenesis Environ. Health Perspectives. 9: 271–279, 1974.
 69. Harington, J. S., and A. C. Allison. Lysosomal enzymes in relation to the toxicity of silica. Medna Lav. 56: 471–484, 1965.
 70. Harington, J. S., A. C. Allison, and D. V. Badami. Mineral fibers: physico‐chemical and chemical properties and biological effects. Advan. Pharmacol. Chemotherap. 12: 1–112, 1974.
 71. Harington, J. S., E. Bey, P. C. King, and B. D. Richardson. The synthesis of collagen by newborn hamster fibroblasts. In: Pneumoconiosis, edited by H. A. Shapiro. Cape Town: University Press, 1970, p. 135–137. (Proc. Intern. Conf. on Pneumoconiosis, Johannesburg, 24 April‐2 May 1969).
 72. Harington, J. S., J. C. Gilson, and J. C. Wagner. Asbestos and mesothelioma in man. Nature 232: 54–55, 1971.
 73. Harington, J. S., K. Miller, and G. Macnab. Hemolysis by asbestos. Environ. Res. 4: 95–117, 1971.
 74. Harington, J. S., M. Ritchie, P. C. King, and K. Miller. The in‐vitro effects of silica‐treated hamster macrophages on collagen production by hamster fibroblasts. J. Pathol. 109: 21–37, 1973.
 75. Harington, J. S., F. J. C. Roe, and M. Walters. Studies of the mode of action of asbestos as a carcinogen. S. African Med. J. 41: 800–804, 1967.
 76. Harington, J. S., and D. A. Sutton. Studies on silica shock in the rabbit. I. The phenomenon, the apparent specificity of colloidal silica in producing it, and protection against shock by various agents. Medna Lav. 54: 701–714, 1963.
 77. Heppleston, A. G. The fibrogenic action of silica. Brit. Med. Bull. 25: 282–287, 1969.
 78. Heppleston, A. G., The pathogenesis of silicosis 1. The toxic and fibrogenic actions of silica. In: Pneumoconiosis, edited by H. A. Shapiro. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 496–498, 1969.
 79. Heppleston, A. G., and J. A. Styles. Activity of a macrophage factor in collagen formation by silica. Nature 214: 521–522, 1967.
 80. Hilscher, W. Beiträge zur experimentellen Asbestose der Wistaratte. Zentr. Allem. Pathol. Pathol. Anat. 116: 413–416, 1972.
 81. Hilscher, W., and H.‐W. Schlipköter. Antagonistic factors in the pathogenesis of coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 166–181, 1972.
 82. Hilscher, W., S. Sethi, K. H. Friedrichs, and F. Pott. Zusammenhänge zwischen Asbestose und Faserlänge. Naturwiss. 57: 356–357, 1970.
 83. Holt, P. F. Pneumoconiosis. London: Edward Arnold, 1957, p. 1–268.
 84. Holt, P. F., J. Mills, and D. K. Young. The early effects of chrysotile asbestos dust on the rat lung. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 87: 15–23, 1964.
 85. Hunter, D. The Diseases of Occupations. London: English Universities Press, 1969, p. 1–12.
 86. Inhaled Particles and Vapours, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961, p. 1–495. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Oxford, 29 Mar‐1 Apr. 1960).
 87. Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 1–605. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct., 1965).
 88. Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., vol. 1, 1971, p. 1–570. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 89. Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., vol. 2, 1971, p. 1–1090. (Proc. Int. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 90. International Conference Proceedings., Pneumoconiosis, Johannesburg, 24 Apr.‐2 May, 1969, edited by H. A. Shapiro. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970, p. 1–652.
 91. Jacobsen, M., S. Rae, W. H. Walton, and J. M. Rogan. The relation between pneumoconiosis and dust exposure in British coal mines, edited by W. H. Walton. In: Inhaled Particles III. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 2, p. 903–917. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 92. Johnstone, H. F., Properties of aerosols related to the effects of inhaled particles and vapours. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961, p. 95–108. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Oxford, 29 Mar.‐1 Apr. 1960).
 93. Kessel, R. W. I., L. Monaco, and M. A. Marchisio. The specificity of the cytotoxic action of silica —a study in vitro. Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 44: 351–364, 1963.
 94. Klosterkötter, W., Quantitative Untersuchungen öber die Bedeutung der Alveolarphagocyten för die Lungenreiniging. In: Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der Staub‐ und Silikosebekämpfung im Steinkohlenbergbau 4. Detmold: Hermann Bösmann Gmblt, 1963, p. 125–128.
 95. Klosterkötter, W., and H. J. Einbrodt. Retention, penetration and elimination of inhaled dusts. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 215–227. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 96. Klosterkötter, W., and F. Gono. Long‐term storage, migration and elimination of dust in the lungs of animals, with special respect to the influence of polyvinyl‐pyridine‐N‐oxide. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 273–280. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 97. Klosterkötter, W., and K. Robock. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus von Asbest unter besonderer Berüicksichtigung der Faserlänge. Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Arbeitshyg. 36: 111–130, 1970.
 98. Knox, J. F., R. S. Doll, and I. D. Hill. Cohort analysis of changes in incidence of bronchial carcinoma in a textile asbestos factory. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 132: 526–535, 1965.
 99. Koshi, K., H. Hayashi, and H. Sakabe. Cell toxicity and hemolytic action of asbestos dust. Ind. Health, Japan 6: 69–79, 1968.
 100. Koshi, K., H. Hayashi, and H. Sakabe. Biological and mineralogical studies on serpentine minerals in heat treated state. Ind. Health, Japan 7: 66–85, 1969.
 101. Koshi, K., H. Hayashi, A. Hamada, and H. Sakabe. The toxic effect of the various dusts on the intraperitoneal monocyte in rat. Bull. Nat. Inst. Health, Japan 6: 10–27, 1961.
 102. Koshi, K., K. Kawai, and H. Sakabe. Studies on the pathogenesis of silicosis. Effect of silica dusts on the phagocytic cell in vitro. Bull. Nat. Inst. Health, Japan 2: 29–39, 1959.
 103. Lee, D. H. K., (editor). Proceedings of the Joint NIEHS‐EPA Conference on Biological Effects of Ingested Asbestos, Raleigh‐Durham, November 18–20, 1973. Environ. Health Perspectives 9: 113–423, 1974.
 104. Macnab, G., and J. S. Harington. Haemolytic activity of asbestos and other dusts. Nature 214: 522–523, 1967.
 105. Marchisio, M. A., and R. Comolli. In vitro protection by poly‐2‐vinylpyridine‐N‐oxide on rat and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages during incubations with toxic silica dusts. Medna Lav. 55: 401–410, 1964.
 106. Marks, J. The neutralization of silica toxicity in vitro. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 14: 81–84, 1957.
 107. Maroudas, N. G. Anchorage dependence: correlation between amount of growth and diameter of bead for single cells grown on individual glass beads. Exptl. Cell Res. 74: 337–342, 1972.
 108. Maroudas, N. G., C. H. O'Neill, and M. F. Stanton. Fibroblast anchorage in carcinogenesis by fibres. Lancet 1: 807–809, 1973.
 109. McGee, J. O'D., R. P. O'Hare, and R. S. Patrick. Stimulation of the collagen biosynthetic pathway by factors isolated from experimentally‐injured liver. Nature New Biol. 243: 121–123, 1973.
 110. Mellors, A., and A. L. Tappel. Hydrolysis of phospholipids by a lysosomal enzyme. J. Lipid Res. 8: 479–485, 1967.
 111. Miller, K. Some biochemical changes occurring in macrophages in culture and in erythrocytes exposed to mineral dusts (thesis). Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1–182, 1971.
 112. Miller, K., and J. S. Harington. Some biochemical effects of asbestos on macrophages. Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 53: 397–405, 1972.
 113. Morris, T. G., W. H. Roberts, R. E. Silverton, J. W. Skidmore, J. C. Wagner, and G. W. Cook. Comparison of dust retention in specific pathogen free and standard rats. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 205–212. (Proc. Int. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.–1 Oct. 1965).
 114. Morrow, P. E. Lymphatic drainage of the lung in dust clearance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 46–65, 1972.
 115. Munder, P. G., E. Ferber, M. Modolell, and H. Fischer. Störung des Phospholipoidstoffwechsels von Makrophagen nach Phagocytose silikogener Partikel. 5th International Dust Conference Münster April 19–21, 1967. In: Fortschritte der Staublungen Forschung, vol. 2 Dinslaken: Niederheinische Druckerei, 1967, p. 129–143.
 116. Munder, P. G., M. Modolell, E. Ferber, and H. Fischer. The relationship between macrophages and adjuvant activity. International Conference Mononuclear Phagocytes, September 1969, Leiden. In: Mononuclear Phagocytes, edited by R. van Furth. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ch. 27, 1970, p. 445–459.
 117. Nadler, S., and S. Goldfischer. The intracellular release of lysosomal contents in macrophages that have ingested silica. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18: 368–371, 1970.
 118. Nagelschmidt, G., In: Symposium on Industrial Pulmonary Diseases, edited by E. J. King and C. M. Fletcher. London: Churchill, 1960, p. 59–68.
 119. Nash, T., A. C. Allison, and J. S. Harington. Physico‐chemical properties of silica in relation to its toxicity. Nature 210: 259–261, 1966.
 120. Nourse, L. D., P. N. Nourse, H. Botes, and H. M. Schwartz. The effects of macrophages isolated from the lungs of guinea pigs dusted with silica on collagen biosynthesis by guinea pig fibroblasts in cell culture. Environ. Res. 9: 115–127, 1975.
 121. Oettlé, A. G. Cigarette smoking as the major cause of lung cancer. S. African Med. J. 37: 935–941, 1963.
 122. Oettlé, A. G. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer. S. African Nurs. J. 32: 7–11, 1965.
 123. Oettlé, A. G. Lung cancer, cigarette smoke and smog. Roy. Soc. Health J. 88: 27–30, 1968.
 124. Oren, R., A. E. Farnham, K. Saito, E. Milofsky, and M. L. Karnovsky. Metabolic patterns in three types of phagocytizing cells. J. Cell Biol. 17: 487–501, 1963.
 125. Parazzi, E., G. C. Secchi, B. Pernis, and E. C. Vigliani. Studies on the cytotoxic action of silica dusts on macrophages in vitro. Arch. Environ. Health 17: 850–859, 1968.
 126. Passey, R. D., M. Blackmore, D. Warbrick‐Smith, and R. Jones. Smoking risks of different tobaccos. Brit. Med. J. 4: 198–201, 1971.
 127. Pernis, B., and P. Castano. Effetto dell'asbesto sulle cellule in vitro. Medna Lav. 62: 120–129, 1971.
 128. Pernis, B., E. C. Vigliani, M. A. Marchisio, and S. Zanardi. Observations on the effect of asbestos on cells in vitro. Medna Lav. 57: 721–729, 1966.
 129. Rabinovitch, M., and M. J. de Stefano. Interactions of red cells with phagocytes of the wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and mouse. Exptl. Cell. Res. 59: 272–282, 1970.
 130. Rae, S., The problem of evaluating human exposure to the inhalation of coal dust. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 467–476. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 131. Rasche, B., and W. T. Ulmer. Untersuchungen über die Herkunft der Alveolar‐ und Peritonealmakrophagen. (Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Reinigungsmechanismusder Lunge). Med. Thorac. 22: 516–529, 1965.
 132. Rasche, B., and W. T. Ulmer. Experiementelle Beiträge zur cellulären Lungenreinigung. Untersuchungen über die Herkunft der Alveolarmakrophagen. Klin. Woch. 44: 841–844, 1966.
 133. Rendall, R. E. G., Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Conference on Preparation of Fibres for Biological Experiments, Montreal, Canada. Johannesburg, South Africa: National Research Institute for Occupational Diseases, 1973, p. 1–8. (MRC Report No. 26/73).
 134. Rendall, R. E. G. Asbestos fibres in the urban atmosphere of Milan. Abstr. 18th Intern. Congr. Occup. Hlth., Brighton, 14–19 Sept. 1975.
 135. Richards, R. J., and T. G. Morris. Collagen and mucopolysaccharide production in growing lung fibroblasts exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Life Sci. 12: 441–451, 1973.
 136. Richards, R. J., F. S. Wusteman, and K. S. Dodgson. The direct effects of dusts on lung fibroblasts grown in vitro. Life Sciences 10: 1149–1159, 1971.
 137. Rilke, F., and R. W. Kessel. Histochemical studies into the cytotoxicity of tridymite in vitro. Medna Lav. 54: 161–165, 1963.
 138. Robock, K., and W. Klosterkötter. The cytotoxic action and the semiconductor properties of mine dusts. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 453–460. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 139. Robock, K., and W. Klosterkötter. Biophysikalische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Asbesten. 4th Intern. Pneumoconiosis Conf., Bucharest, 27th Sept.‐2nd Oct., 1971, p. 2–10.
 140. Robock, K., W. Klosterkötter, and M. Kuchler. Untersuchungen mit Peritonealmakrophagen über die Wirkung von Polyvinylpyridin‐N‐oxid. Silikosebericht Nordrhein‐Westfalen Bd. 7: 169–173, 1969.
 141. Robock, K., W. Klosterkötter, and F. Scharpenseel. Untersuchungen über die hämolytische Wirkung physikalisch definierter SiO2‐Staube. Silikosebericht Nordrhein‐Westfalen Bd. 7: 145–147, 1969.
 142. Rogan, J. Coalworkers' pneumoconiosis: a review. J. Occupational Med. 12: 321–324, 1970.
 143. Rossiter, C. E., D. Rivers, I. Bergman, C. Casswell, and G. Nagelschmidt. Dust content, radiology and pathology in simple pneumoconiosis of coalworkers (further report). In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 419–434. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 144. Rylander, R. Influence of infection on pulmonary defense mechanisms. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 221: 282–289, 1974.
 145. Schiller, E., Experimental pathology and pharmacology of dust exposure: an electron microscopic study. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 403–412. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc, London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 146. Schlipköter, H. W., Preprint 6. Tierexsperimente und in vitro‐ Untersuchungen mit Asbeststaub. Vortrag anlä Bl.d.II. Internat. Konferenz Biolog. Wirkungen Asbest in Dresden, v. 22–25 April, 1968.
 147. Schlipköter, H. W., and E. G. Beck. Observations on the relationship between quartz cytotoxicity and fibrogenicity while testing the biological activity of synthetic polymers. Medna Lav. 56: 485–493, 1965.
 148. Schlipköter, H. W., and A. Brockhaus. Inhibition of experimental silicosis by subcutaneous administration of polyvinylpyridine‐N‐oxide. Klin. Wochschr. 39: 1182–1189, 1961.
 149. Schlipköter, H. W., R. Dolgner, and A. Brockhaus. The treatment of experimental silicosis. German Med. Monthly 8: 509–514, 1963.
 150. Schmitz‐Moorman, P., H. Hörlein, and F. Hanefield. Lungenveränderungen bei Titandioxyd staub exposition. Beitr. Silikose‐Forsch. 80: 1–17, 1964.
 151. Second International Conference, on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Dresden, April 22–25, 1968. Deutsche Gesellschaft für die gesamte Hygiene und Gesellschaft für Arbeitshygiene und Arbeitsschutz Deutsches Zentralinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin, Berlin. Preliminary Proc. p. 1–78.
 152. Selikoff, I. J., R. A. Bader, M. E. Bader, J. Churg, and E. C. Hammond. Asbestosis and neoplasia. Am. J. Med. 42: 487–495, 1967.
 153. Simson, F. W., and A. S. Strachan. A study of experimental tissue reactions following intravenous injections of silica and other dusts. Publ. S. Afr. Inst. Med. Res. 9: 95–122, 1940.
 154. Smith, B. A., and J. M. G. Davis. The association of phagocytosed asbestos dust with lysosome enzymes. J. Pathol. 105: 153–157, 1971.
 155. Smither, W. J., and H. C. Lewinsohn. Asbestosis in textile manufacturing. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 169–174. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972. IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 156. Stalder, K., and W. Stöber. Hemolytic activity of suspensions of different silica modifications and inert dusts. Nature 207: 874–875, 1965.
 157. Stanton, M. F., Some etiological considerations of fiber carcinogenesis. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gildon, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 289–294. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972. IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 158. Stanton, M. F., and C. Wrench. Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48: 797–821, 1972.
 159. Stöber, W. Silikotische Wirksamkeit und physikalsch‐chemische Eigenschaften verschiedener Siliziumdioxid‐Modifikationen. Beitr. Silikose‐Forsch. 89: 1–113, 1966.
 160. Stöber, W., H. J. Einbrodt, and W. Klosterkötter. Quantitative studies of dust retention in animal and human lungs after chronic inhalation. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 409–417. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 161. Stoker, M. G. P., C. H. O'Neill, S. Berryman, and V. Waxman. Anchorage and growth regulation in normal and virus‐transformed cells. Intern. J. Cancer 3: 683–693, 1968.
 162. Strecker, F. J. Histophysiologische Untersuchungen zur “silikotischen Gewebesreaction” im Intraperitonealtest und zur Gewebswirkung von Coesit und Stischowit. Beitr. Silikose‐Forsch. Sonderband 6: 55–83, 1965.
 163. Summary and Report of Royal College of Physicians of London on Smoking in Relation to Cancer of the Lung and Other Diseases., New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1962, p. 1–70.
 164. Swensson, A., Tissue reaction to different types of amorphous silica. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 95–102. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 165. Thomas, K., H. J. Einbrodt, and W. Schoedel. ”Vorwort.“ Beitr. Silikose‐Forsch Sonderband 6: 13–18, 1965.
 166. Timbrell, V., Progress in physics and chemistry. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 13–16. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972. IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 167. Timbrell, V., Inhalation and biological effects of asbestos. In: Assessment of Airborne Particles, edited by T. T. Mercer, P. E. Morrow, and W. Stöber. Springfield, III.: Thomas, 1972, chapt. 22, p. 429–445. (Proc. 3rd Rochester Int. Conf. on Environmental Toxicity, Rochester, 1970).
 168. Timbrell, V., D. M. Griffiths, and F. D. Pooley. Possible biological importance of fibre diameters of South African amphiboles. Nature 232: 55–56, 1971.
 169. Timbrell, V., F. D. Pooley, and J. C. Wagner. Characteristics of respirable asbestos fibres. In: Pneumoconiosis, edited by H. A. Shapiro. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 120–125. (Proc. Intern. Conf. Johannesburg, 1969).
 170. Timbrell, V., and J. W. Skidmore. Preprint 13: Significance of fibre length in experimental asbestosis. 2nd International Conference on The Biological Effects of Asbestos, Dresden, April 22–25, 1968. Preliminary Proceedings.
 171. Timbrell, V., and J. W. Skidmore. The effect of shape on particle penetration and retention in animal lungs. In: Inhaled Particles III, edited by W. H. Walton. Old Woking, England: Unwin Bros. Ltd., 1971, vol. 1, p. 49–56. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., London, 14–23 Sept. 1970).
 172. Toward a Less Harmful Cigarette., National Cancer Institute Monograph 28. Bethesda, Maryland: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, NCl, 1968, p. 1–282.
 173. Turner‐Warwick, M. A perspective view on widespread pulmonary fibrosis. Brit. Med. J. 2: 371–376, 1974.
 174. U.I.C.C. Working Group on Asbestos and Cancer., Report and Recommendations of the Working Group Convened Under the Auspices of the Geographical Pathology Committee of the International Union Against Cancer. Arch. Environ. Health 11: 221–229, 1965.
 175. U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare., Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, D.C.: HEW, 1964, p. 1–387. (PHS Pub. No. 1103).
 176. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare., The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Public Health Service Review. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1967, P. 1–227. (PHS Pub. No. 1696).
 177. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., The Facts About Smoking and Health. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1968. (PHS Pub. No. 1712).
 178. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., The Facts About Smoking and Health. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1970. (PHS Pub. No. 1712).
 179. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., If You Must Smoke. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1969. (PHS Pub. No. 1662).
 180. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., Smoking and Illness. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1969. (PHS Pub. No. 1937).
 181. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., Chart Book on Smoking, Tobacco, and Health. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1970. (PHS Pub. No. 2014).
 182. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Clearing House for Smoking and Health., Smoking and Lung Cancer. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1971. (HSM No. 72–7508).
 183. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare., Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1972, p. 1–158. (HEW Pub. No. (HSM) 72–7516).
 184. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare., The Health Consequences of Smoking. Washington, D. C.: HEW, 1973, p. 1–249. (HEW Pub. No. (HSM) 73–8704).
 185. van Furth, R., (editor). Mononuclear Phagocytes. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1970, p. 1–654. (Proc. Conf. on Mononuclear Phagocytes, Leiden, Sept. 2–5, 1969).
 186. Vernon‐Roberts, B. The Macrophage. Biological Structure and Function 2. London: Cambridge University Press, 1972, p. 1–242.
 187. Vigliani, E. C. Azione citotossica del quarzo sui macrofagi, e sua prevenzione con polimeri sintetici. Medna Lav. 58: 407–411, 1967.
 188. Vigliani, E. C. The fibrogenic response to asbestos. Medna Lav. 59: 401–410, 1968.
 189. Vigliani, E. C., B. Pernis, and L. Monaco. A study of the action of quartz on macrophages in vitro. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961, p. 348–353. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Hyg. Soc., Oxford, 29 Mar.‐1 Apr. 1960).
 190. Volk, H. The health of workers in a plant making highly dispersed silica. Arch. Environ. Health 1: 125–128, 1960.
 191. Wagner, J. C. Current opinions on the asbestos cancer problem. Ann. Occupational Hyg. 15: 61–64, 1972.
 192. Wagner, J. C. The significance of asbestos in tissue. Recent Results in Cancer Res. 39: 37–46, 1972.
 193. Wagner, J. C., and G. Berry. Mesotheliomas in rats following inoculation with asbestos. Brit. J. Cancer 23: 567–581, 1969.
 194. Wagner, J. C., and G. Berry. Information obtained from animal experiments. In: Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 285–288. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972, IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 195. Wagner, E., and H. Brünner. Aerosil, Herstellung, Eigenschaften und Verhalten in organischen Flüssigkeiten. Angen. Chem., Band 72 Jahrg., Nr. 19–20, 1960.
 196. Wagner, J. C., J. C. Gilson, G. Berry, and V. Timbrell. Epidemiology of asbestos cancers. Brit. Med. Bull. 27: 71–76, 1971.
 197. Wagner, J. C., and J. W. Skidmore. Asbestos dust deposition and retention in rats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 132: 77–86, 1965.
 198. Wagner, M. M. F., and J. C. Wagner. Lymphomas in the Wistar rat after intrapleural inoculation of silica. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 81–91, 1972.
 199. Webster, I., C. I. Henderson, L. W. Marasas, and D. J. Keegan. Some biologically active substances produced by the action of silica and their possible significance. In: Inhaled Particles and Vapours II, edited by C. N. Davies. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967, p. 111–119. (Proc. Intern. Symp., Brit. Occup. Soc., Cambridge, 28 Sept.‐1 Oct. 1965).
 200. Weissmann, G. Lysosomes. New Engl. J. Med. 273: 1084–1143, 1965.
 201. Weller, W., and W. T. Ulmer. Treatment of pneumoconiosis caused by coal‐quartz dusts with polyvinylpyridine‐N‐oxide (P204). Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 200: 624–632, 1972.
 202. Whipple, H. E., and P. E. Van Reyen, (editors). The Biological Effects of Asbestos. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 132: 1–766, 1964. (Conf. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 19–21 Oct. 1964).
 203. Williams, S. Asbestosis. A bibliography of the world's literature abstracted and indexed 1960–1968. Pretoria, South Africa: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1969.
 204. Wills, E. J., P. Davies, A. C. Allison, and D. Haswell. Cytochalasin B fails to inhibit pinocytosis by macrophages. Nature New Biol. 240: 58–60, 1972.
 205. Working Group Meeting., Biological Effects of Asbestos, edited by P. Bogovski, J. C. Gilson, V. Timbrell, and J. C. Wagner. Lyon: IARC, 1973, p. 1–346. (Proc. Working Conf., International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 2–6, 1972, IARC Scientific Publications No. 8).
 206. Wright, G. W. Asbestos and health in 1969. Am. Rev. Respirat. Diseases 100: 467–479, 1969.
 207. Wynder, E. L., H. E. Kaiser, D. A. Goodman, and D. Hoffmann. A method for determining ciliastatic components in cigarette smoke. Cancer 16: 1222–1225, 1963.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

J. S. Harington, A. C. Allison. Tissue and Cellular Reactions to Particles, Fibers, and Aerosols Retained after Inhalation. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents: 263-283. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp090117