Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Metabolism of Foreign Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Foreign Substance Metabolism by the Intestinal Mucosa
1.1 Nonsynthetic Reactions
1.2 Synthetic Reactions
2 Multiplicity of Biotransformation Reactions
3 Species and Strain Differences
4 Fetal Development and Phylogenetic Aspects
5 Biotransformation by Intestinal Microorganisms
6 Adaptation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Gastrointestinal Tract
6.1 Endogenous Compounds in Regulation of Drug Metabolism
6.2 Enhancement of Biotransformation by Exogenous Compounds
6.3 Effect of Luminal Contents
6.4 Interaction of Intestinal Microflora and Mucosal Functions
7 Concluding Remarks
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Metabolism of testosterone by preparations of canine jejunal mucosa. H, homogenate, M, microsomes; S, soluble enzymes; I, 5β‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol; II, 4‐androstene‐3β, 17β‐diol; III, 5α‐androstane‐3β, 17β‐diol; IV, 17β‐hydroxy‐4‐andros‐tene‐3‐one (testosterone); V, 17β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐3‐one (dihydrotestosterone); VI, 3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐17‐one (epiandrosterone); VII, 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione (androstenedione); VIII, 5α‐androstane‐3,17‐dione (androstanedione); IX, 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐17‐one (androsterone).

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Progesterone metabolites in portal blood from isolated intestinal segments under sterile and normal conditions.

Figure 3. Figure 3.

Factors in the control of mucosal cell metabolism have been divided into two groups; one has its major action on the mucosal cell from the luminal side and the other via the humoral route. In addition there are genetic factors, which are controlled by the nucleus. N, nucleus; G, Golgi apparatus; R, ribosomes; M, mitochondria; SER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; D, desmones, IS, intercellular space; BM, basement membrane; BB, brush border.



Figure 1.

Metabolism of testosterone by preparations of canine jejunal mucosa. H, homogenate, M, microsomes; S, soluble enzymes; I, 5β‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol; II, 4‐androstene‐3β, 17β‐diol; III, 5α‐androstane‐3β, 17β‐diol; IV, 17β‐hydroxy‐4‐andros‐tene‐3‐one (testosterone); V, 17β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐3‐one (dihydrotestosterone); VI, 3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐17‐one (epiandrosterone); VII, 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione (androstenedione); VIII, 5α‐androstane‐3,17‐dione (androstanedione); IX, 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐17‐one (androsterone).



Figure 2.

Progesterone metabolites in portal blood from isolated intestinal segments under sterile and normal conditions.



Figure 3.

Factors in the control of mucosal cell metabolism have been divided into two groups; one has its major action on the mucosal cell from the luminal side and the other via the humoral route. In addition there are genetic factors, which are controlled by the nucleus. N, nucleus; G, Golgi apparatus; R, ribosomes; M, mitochondria; SER, smooth endoplasmic reticulum; RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; D, desmones, IS, intercellular space; BM, basement membrane; BB, brush border.

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Kaarlo Hartiala. Metabolism of Foreign Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents: 375-388. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp090123