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Mammalian Gs‐Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases

Gezhi Weng, Yibang Chen, Ravi Iyengar

10.1002/cphy.cp070108

Source: Supplement 20: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Cellular Endocrinology

Originally published: 1998

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Cloning of Mammalian Isoforms
2 Tissue Distribution of Various Adenylyl Cyclases
3 Structure and Catalytic Site
4 Basal Activity
5 Regulation by Protein–Protein Interactions
5.1 Ca2+/Calmodulin
5.2 G Protein Subunits
6 Regulation by Small Molecules
6.1 P‐Site Ligands
6.2 Forskolin
6.3 Ca2+
7 Regulation by Protein Kinases
7.1 Protein Kinase A
7.2 Protein Kinase C
7.3 Calmodulin‐Kinase
7.4 Other Protein Kinases
8 Future Directions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Phylogenetic tree of adenylyl cyclases. Comparison was done according to the method of Sneath and Sokal 54 with the GCG program.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Predicted topology and secondary structure of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. Secondary structure prediction was obtained by use of the PHD program 50. Cylinders represent helixes; wide arrows represent β‐sheets; and the thin lines represent loops. Hydrophobic stretches, thought to be transmembrane regions, are depicted as being buried in the bilayer. Highly conserved regions are shown in solid black. The “N” and “C” indicate the N‐ and C‐termini of the protein.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

A cartoon of the AC2 C‐terminal dimer based on the solved x‐ray structure. The dimer is formed by two monomers in close contact with each other. Two forskolin molecules are located at the interface of the monomers. The ribbons represent α‐helixes and β‐sheets. The thin lines represent disordered loops.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

A schematic drawing of the structure of adenylyl cyclases. The central region is the structure of central loop and C‐terminus region based on the homology model using the C2 dimer as template. The secondary structure elements in gray are the regions not presented in the solved C2 dimer structure. The forskolin binding sites and putative ATP binding pocket are shown. Regions of adenylyl cyclase thought to be involved in interaction with G protein sub‐units and CaM are also labeled. The cylinders represent α‐helixes and ribbons represent β‐sheets. The thin lines represent disordered loops.


Figure 1.

Phylogenetic tree of adenylyl cyclases. Comparison was done according to the method of Sneath and Sokal 54 with the GCG program.



Figure 2.

Predicted topology and secondary structure of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. Secondary structure prediction was obtained by use of the PHD program 50. Cylinders represent helixes; wide arrows represent β‐sheets; and the thin lines represent loops. Hydrophobic stretches, thought to be transmembrane regions, are depicted as being buried in the bilayer. Highly conserved regions are shown in solid black. The “N” and “C” indicate the N‐ and C‐termini of the protein.



Figure 3.

A cartoon of the AC2 C‐terminal dimer based on the solved x‐ray structure. The dimer is formed by two monomers in close contact with each other. Two forskolin molecules are located at the interface of the monomers. The ribbons represent α‐helixes and β‐sheets. The thin lines represent disordered loops.



Figure 4.

A schematic drawing of the structure of adenylyl cyclases. The central region is the structure of central loop and C‐terminus region based on the homology model using the C2 dimer as template. The secondary structure elements in gray are the regions not presented in the solved C2 dimer structure. The forskolin binding sites and putative ATP binding pocket are shown. Regions of adenylyl cyclase thought to be involved in interaction with G protein sub‐units and CaM are also labeled. The cylinders represent α‐helixes and ribbons represent β‐sheets. The thin lines represent disordered loops.

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Article Title: Mammalian Gs‐Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases
 

How to Cite

Gezhi Weng, Yibang Chen, Ravi Iyengar. Mammalian Gs‐Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 20: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Cellular Endocrinology: 165-176. First published in print 1998. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp070108