Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Effects of Growth Hormone on Body Metabolism
1.1 Protein Metabolism
1.2 Fat Metabolism
1.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
1.4 Bone Metabolism
1.5 Electrolyte and Fluid Metabolism
1.6 Cardiovascular Disease
2 Linear Growth in Growth Hormone‐Deficient Children
3 Effects of Other Hormones on Growth and Growth Hormone Function
3.1 Thyroid Hormones and Growth
3.2 Glucocorticoids and Growth
3.3 Sex Steroids and Growth
3.4 Insulin and Growth
4 Use of Growth Hormone as an Anabolic Agent
5 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Comparison of the physical appearance of a child 8 years and 5 months old with growth hormone deficiency (left) with that of her twin sister (right). The affected twin has the height and bone age of a 4.5‐year‐old child, with immature facies and body development.

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Increased body fat predominantly in the pectoral and abdominal areas, immature facies, and short stature are seen in this growth hormone (GH)‐deficient male (left). A marked increase in height and changes in body fat and facial maturation occur following hGH therapy (right.

Figure 3. Figure 3.

Growth pattern in terms of height (cm) and weight (kg) of a child with growth hormone (GH) deficiency in whom hGH therapy was initiated at 4 months of age (arrow).

Figure 4. Figure 4.

Growth pattern of a boy diagnosed with growth hormone (GH) deficiency at 8.5 years. Note the deceleration of growth by 4.5 years. Accelerated growth rate occurred after initiation of hGH therapy (arrow). Subsequently, the growth rate was maintained at a slower than normal rate for age.

Figure 5. Figure 5.

Sustained normal growth rate of a child with primary athyreotic hypothyroidism. L‐Thyroxine therapy was initiated at 2 months of age.

Figure 6. Figure 6.

Marked retardation in height of a female diagnosed with late‐onset primary hypothyroidism at 11.5 years of age. She was obese relative to her height retardation. A marked acceleration in height occurred following treatment with L‐thyroxine.

Figure 7. Figure 7.

An increase in weight and a decrease in growth rate were observed in this 9.5‐year‐old child. Her laboratory tests revealed Cushing's disease due to a pituitary adenoma. Following transsphenoidal removal of the adenoma, growth rate increased and weight decreased.



Figure 1.

Comparison of the physical appearance of a child 8 years and 5 months old with growth hormone deficiency (left) with that of her twin sister (right). The affected twin has the height and bone age of a 4.5‐year‐old child, with immature facies and body development.



Figure 2.

Increased body fat predominantly in the pectoral and abdominal areas, immature facies, and short stature are seen in this growth hormone (GH)‐deficient male (left). A marked increase in height and changes in body fat and facial maturation occur following hGH therapy (right.



Figure 3.

Growth pattern in terms of height (cm) and weight (kg) of a child with growth hormone (GH) deficiency in whom hGH therapy was initiated at 4 months of age (arrow).



Figure 4.

Growth pattern of a boy diagnosed with growth hormone (GH) deficiency at 8.5 years. Note the deceleration of growth by 4.5 years. Accelerated growth rate occurred after initiation of hGH therapy (arrow). Subsequently, the growth rate was maintained at a slower than normal rate for age.



Figure 5.

Sustained normal growth rate of a child with primary athyreotic hypothyroidism. L‐Thyroxine therapy was initiated at 2 months of age.



Figure 6.

Marked retardation in height of a female diagnosed with late‐onset primary hypothyroidism at 11.5 years of age. She was obese relative to her height retardation. A marked acceleration in height occurred following treatment with L‐thyroxine.



Figure 7.

An increase in weight and a decrease in growth rate were observed in this 9.5‐year‐old child. Her laboratory tests revealed Cushing's disease due to a pituitary adenoma. Following transsphenoidal removal of the adenoma, growth rate increased and weight decreased.

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Selna L. Kaplan. Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 24: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Hormonal Control of Growth: 129-143. First published in print 1999. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp070505