Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Biochemistry and Physiology of Cholinergic Transmission

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Acetylcholine Synthesis
1.1 Distribution of Choline Acetyltransferase
1.2 Properties of Choline Acetyltransferase
1.3 Inhibitors of Choline Acetyltransferase
1.4 Source of Substrates
1.5 Regulation
1.6 Long‐term Regulation
2 Acetylcholine Storage and Release
2.1 In Brain
2.2 In Ganglia and Skeletal Muscle
2.3 In Smooth Muscle
2.4 In Torpedo Electroplaques
2.5 Mechanism of Acetylcholine Release
3 Disposition of Acetylcholine
3.1 Enzymatic Destruction
3.2 Acetylcholine Uptake
3.3 Diffusion
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from choline (Ch) and acetyl‐CoA (AcCoA) by choline acetyltransferase (ChAc).

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Summary of procedures for preparing subcellular fractions containing ACh from a brain homogenate, and approximate proportion of ACh in each fraction.

Figure 3. Figure 3.

Model of ACh storage in a cholinergic nerve and its terminal showing the following features. 1) Four pools of ACh: free Ach(s) outside the nerve ending, cytoplasmic ACh(c), slowly turning over vesicular ACh(d), and rapidly turning over vesicular ACh(h). 2) Two processes by which released vesicular ACh can be replenished: by uptake of ACh from cytoplasmic ACh or by synthesis of ACh at the vesicle membrane. 3) two locations for choline acetyltransferase: free in the cytoplasm and adsorbed on synaptic vesicles. 4) Two choline uptake mechanisms: the high‐affinity system providing most of the choline for ACh synthesis and the low‐affinity system providing most of the choline for phosphorylcholine (PCh) synthesis. 5) The recapture of choline produced from ACh released by a nerve action potential (N.A.P.).



Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from choline (Ch) and acetyl‐CoA (AcCoA) by choline acetyltransferase (ChAc).



Figure 2.

Summary of procedures for preparing subcellular fractions containing ACh from a brain homogenate, and approximate proportion of ACh in each fraction.



Figure 3.

Model of ACh storage in a cholinergic nerve and its terminal showing the following features. 1) Four pools of ACh: free Ach(s) outside the nerve ending, cytoplasmic ACh(c), slowly turning over vesicular ACh(d), and rapidly turning over vesicular ACh(h). 2) Two processes by which released vesicular ACh can be replenished: by uptake of ACh from cytoplasmic ACh or by synthesis of ACh at the vesicle membrane. 3) two locations for choline acetyltransferase: free in the cytoplasm and adsorbed on synaptic vesicles. 4) Two choline uptake mechanisms: the high‐affinity system providing most of the choline for ACh synthesis and the low‐affinity system providing most of the choline for phosphorylcholine (PCh) synthesis. 5) The recapture of choline produced from ACh released by a nerve action potential (N.A.P.).

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B. Collier. Biochemistry and Physiology of Cholinergic Transmission. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 1: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Cellular Biology of Neurons: 463-492. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010113