Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Biochemistry and Physiology of Amino Acid Transmitters

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 How Amino Acids Became Recognized as Neurotransmitters
2 Possible Functions of Free Amino Acids
3 Transmitter Function of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine
3.1 Inhibitory Action of Amino Acids
3.2 Agents That Block Amino Acid Inhibition
3.3 Synthesis and Storage of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid
3.4 Uptake of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid
3.5 Release of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid
3.6 Synthesis and Storage of Glycine
3.7 Uptake and Release of Glycine
3.8 Summary
4 Transmitter Function of L‐Glutamate and Related Amino Acids
4.1 Excitatory Action of Amino Acids
4.2 Distribution of L‐glutamate and L‐aspartate
4.3 Uptake and Release of L‐glutamate
4.4 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Potential changes produced in the junctional area of a crayfish muscle by stimulation of the inhibitory nerve (Aa) and the excitatory nerve (Ba) and by electrophoretic administration of GABA (Ab) and L‐glutamate (Bb). Upper traces in a and middle traces in b, extracellular records. Lower traces, intracellular records. Upper traces in b represent electrophoretic currents.

From Takeuchi & Takeuchi 351
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Action of L‐glutamate and GABA on a neuron of Deiters' nucleus of cat. Action potentials were recorded extracellularly with a multibarrel pipette. L‐glutamate was administered every 1.5 s by anionic currents of 200 nA and 40‐ms duration. GABA (18 nA) was applied at the time indicated.

From K. Obata, unpublished data
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Effects of GABA on the membrane potential of neurons of Deiters' nucleus of cat. Intracellular recording and extracellular administration of GABA (500 nA) with coaxial electrode. A, resting potential. GABA was applied at the time indicated by the bar. Dotted line represents the net transmembrane potential after correction for current artifact. B‐D, IPSP's induced by cerebellar stimulation. B, control. C, during GABA administration. D, after GABA administration. Presynaptic spikes (sharp negative‐going potentials just after the stimuli) remain unchanged. E‐G, EPSP's evoked by cerebellar stimulation. E, control. F, during GABA administration. G, after GABA administration. In E and G, action potentials were generated from the EPSP's in about half the sweeps, and hyperpolarizing IPSP's followed the EPSP's.

From Obata et al. 279
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Basket cell inhibition of a Purkinje cell of the cat and the effect of bicuculline and strychnine. The “off‐line” cerebellar cortex was stimulated at the time indicated by arrows. In each record the number of spikes in 4‐ms period was counted for 20 sweeps. A, before; B, during; and C, after, electrophoretic administration of bicuculline (100 nA). D, before; E, during; and F, after, administration of strychnine (20 nA).

From Curtis & Felix 55
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Effects of bicuculline and strychnine on the depressant action of GABA and glycine on neurons of the cat globus pallidus (entopeduncular nucleus). A‐C, GABA (30 nA) and glycine (100 nA) were administered electrophoretically as indicated. A, control. B, 1–2.5 min after the onset of bicuculline administration (107 nA). C, 1–2 min after the termination of bicuculline. D, GABA (43 nA) and glycine (63 nA) were administered as indicated. During the time indicated by the bar, strychnine (57 nA) was administered.

From Obata & Yoshida 282
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Dose‐response curves of GABA action and the effect of picrotoxin in the crayfish muscle. Ordinate, conductance increase of the muscle membrane produced by bath application of GABA. ○, in normal solution. •, in 1 × 106 M; x, in 2 × 106 M; +, in 5 × 10−6 M picrotoxin.

From Takeuchi & Takeuchi 355
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Firing frequency of a Renshaw cell of a cat and the effect of tetanus toxin. A, before, and B, 49 min after, local administration of tetanus toxin (within 100 μm of the cell under recording). During the period indicated by the bars with arrows, the ipsilateral hindpaw was stimulated by squeezing, and glycine (2 nA) and GABA (5 nA) were administered electrophoretically.

From Curtis & De Groat 48


Figure 1.

Potential changes produced in the junctional area of a crayfish muscle by stimulation of the inhibitory nerve (Aa) and the excitatory nerve (Ba) and by electrophoretic administration of GABA (Ab) and L‐glutamate (Bb). Upper traces in a and middle traces in b, extracellular records. Lower traces, intracellular records. Upper traces in b represent electrophoretic currents.

From Takeuchi & Takeuchi 351


Figure 2.

Action of L‐glutamate and GABA on a neuron of Deiters' nucleus of cat. Action potentials were recorded extracellularly with a multibarrel pipette. L‐glutamate was administered every 1.5 s by anionic currents of 200 nA and 40‐ms duration. GABA (18 nA) was applied at the time indicated.

From K. Obata, unpublished data


Figure 3.

Effects of GABA on the membrane potential of neurons of Deiters' nucleus of cat. Intracellular recording and extracellular administration of GABA (500 nA) with coaxial electrode. A, resting potential. GABA was applied at the time indicated by the bar. Dotted line represents the net transmembrane potential after correction for current artifact. B‐D, IPSP's induced by cerebellar stimulation. B, control. C, during GABA administration. D, after GABA administration. Presynaptic spikes (sharp negative‐going potentials just after the stimuli) remain unchanged. E‐G, EPSP's evoked by cerebellar stimulation. E, control. F, during GABA administration. G, after GABA administration. In E and G, action potentials were generated from the EPSP's in about half the sweeps, and hyperpolarizing IPSP's followed the EPSP's.

From Obata et al. 279


Figure 4.

Basket cell inhibition of a Purkinje cell of the cat and the effect of bicuculline and strychnine. The “off‐line” cerebellar cortex was stimulated at the time indicated by arrows. In each record the number of spikes in 4‐ms period was counted for 20 sweeps. A, before; B, during; and C, after, electrophoretic administration of bicuculline (100 nA). D, before; E, during; and F, after, administration of strychnine (20 nA).

From Curtis & Felix 55


Figure 5.

Effects of bicuculline and strychnine on the depressant action of GABA and glycine on neurons of the cat globus pallidus (entopeduncular nucleus). A‐C, GABA (30 nA) and glycine (100 nA) were administered electrophoretically as indicated. A, control. B, 1–2.5 min after the onset of bicuculline administration (107 nA). C, 1–2 min after the termination of bicuculline. D, GABA (43 nA) and glycine (63 nA) were administered as indicated. During the time indicated by the bar, strychnine (57 nA) was administered.

From Obata & Yoshida 282


Figure 6.

Dose‐response curves of GABA action and the effect of picrotoxin in the crayfish muscle. Ordinate, conductance increase of the muscle membrane produced by bath application of GABA. ○, in normal solution. •, in 1 × 106 M; x, in 2 × 106 M; +, in 5 × 10−6 M picrotoxin.

From Takeuchi & Takeuchi 355


Figure 7.

Firing frequency of a Renshaw cell of a cat and the effect of tetanus toxin. A, before, and B, 49 min after, local administration of tetanus toxin (within 100 μm of the cell under recording). During the period indicated by the bars with arrows, the ipsilateral hindpaw was stimulated by squeezing, and glycine (2 nA) and GABA (5 nA) were administered electrophoretically.

From Curtis & De Groat 48
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K. Obata. Biochemistry and Physiology of Amino Acid Transmitters. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 1: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Cellular Biology of Neurons: 625-650. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010117