Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Neural Correlates of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Historical Perspective
1.1 Diagnostic Criteria
1.2 Epidemiological and Genetic Studies
1.3 Disease Status of AD
2 Neuropsychological Studies
2.1 Impairments of Memory
2.2 Impairments of Executive Control and Problem Solving
2.3 Impairments of Language
2.4 Impairments of Praxis and Spatial Processing
2.5 Impairment of Attention
3 Conceptualizing Cognitive Impairments of AD in Terms of Neural Systems
4 Neuroanatomical Perspective on AD
4.1 Cortical Architecture and Connectivity in Primates
4.2 Topographical Distribution of Pathological Changes in AD in Relation to Cortical Types
4.3 Cortical Laminar Specificity and Patterns of Pathology in AD
4.4 Anatomical Changes in Subcortical Structures in AD
5 Neurochemical Changes in AD
6 Neuroimaging Studies
7 Concluding Remarks
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles from subiculum of hippocampal formation in AD.

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Illustration depicting pattern and laminar specificity of neurofibrillary tangles in cross section (heavy bar) through posterior temporal cortex in AD. Section was stained with thioflavine S and charted with X‐Y recorder coupled to movement of microscope stage. Deeper band corresponds to cortical layer V; more superficial band corresponds to layer III. Note relative absence of neurofibrillary tangles in areas 41 and 42 (primary auditory cortex) and posterior part of area 22. There is high density in association areas 21 and 37.

Figure 3. Figure 3.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques from inferior temporal cortex in AD. Note laminar distribution.

Figure 4. Figure 4.

Fluorescence illumination photomicrograph (× 82) of layer II stellate neurons from entorhinal cortex of AD patient. Neurons are laden with neurofibrillary tangles. Layer II neurons give rise to perforant pathway that constitutes major cortical input to hippocampal formation.

Figure 5. Figure 5.

Fluorescence illumination photomicrograph (× 87) of pyramidal neurons in layer IV of entorhinal cortex. Neurons are laden with neurofibrillary tangles. Layer IV neurons receive powerful hippocampal output from subiculum and project to widespread regions of cerebral cortex and basal forebrain.

Figure 6. Figure 6.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles in layers II and IV of entorhinal cortex in AD.



Figure 1.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles from subiculum of hippocampal formation in AD.



Figure 2.

Illustration depicting pattern and laminar specificity of neurofibrillary tangles in cross section (heavy bar) through posterior temporal cortex in AD. Section was stained with thioflavine S and charted with X‐Y recorder coupled to movement of microscope stage. Deeper band corresponds to cortical layer V; more superficial band corresponds to layer III. Note relative absence of neurofibrillary tangles in areas 41 and 42 (primary auditory cortex) and posterior part of area 22. There is high density in association areas 21 and 37.



Figure 3.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques from inferior temporal cortex in AD. Note laminar distribution.



Figure 4.

Fluorescence illumination photomicrograph (× 82) of layer II stellate neurons from entorhinal cortex of AD patient. Neurons are laden with neurofibrillary tangles. Layer II neurons give rise to perforant pathway that constitutes major cortical input to hippocampal formation.



Figure 5.

Fluorescence illumination photomicrograph (× 87) of pyramidal neurons in layer IV of entorhinal cortex. Neurons are laden with neurofibrillary tangles. Layer IV neurons receive powerful hippocampal output from subiculum and project to widespread regions of cerebral cortex and basal forebrain.



Figure 6.

Photomicrograph of thioflavine S‐stained neurofibrillary tangles in layers II and IV of entorhinal cortex in AD.

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Gary W. Van Hoesen, Antonio R. Damasio. Neural Correlates of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 5: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain: 871-998. First published in print 1987. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp010522