Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Pulmonary Circulation

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Historical Landmarks
1.1 Theories of Antiquity
1.2 Concepts of Circulation
1.3 Concepts of Respiration
1.4 Hemodynamic Measurements
2 Modern Views of Pulmonary Circulation
2.1 During Rest
2.2 During Exercise
3 Pulmonary Effects of Altitude
3.1 Species Variation
3.2 Individual Variation in Pressor Response
3.3 Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Relation to Age
3.4 Pulmonary Vascular Reactivity
3.5 Exercise
3.6 Diffusing Capacity
3.7 Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
3.8 Pulmonary Hypertension as Maladaptation
3.9 Summary
4 Circulatory Mechanisms to Optimize Blood Oxygenation
4.1 Matching Perfusion to Ventilation
4.2 Anatomical Site of Increased Resistance During Hypoxia
4.3 Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
4.4 Molecular Nature of Oxygen Sensor
4.5 Transduction Process
4.6 Modulators of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
5 Current Perspective on Pulmonary Vascular Control
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Circulation according to Galen. Anatomy was generally correct except for postulated invisible pores across interventricular septum. Belief that blood ebbed and flowed rather than circulated was another serious error.

From Bradley 45
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Longitudinal distribution of local vascular resistance (Rx) plotted against vascular volume in lung at transpulmonary pressures of 0, 3, 8, and 16 cmH2O. After lung inflates, vascular resistance is relatively evenly distributed.

From Dawson et al. 84
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Pressure drop across lung from pulmonary artery to left atrium [P(PA − LA)] with increasing blood flow (cardiac index) during short‐term exercise. Pulmonary vascular resistance constant for each group except healthy old men.

Data from Bevegård et al. 35, Elkins and Milnor 99, Granath and Strandell 138, and Lockhart et al. 239
Figure 4. Figure 4.

With elevation of PLA, P(PA − LA) decreases.

Data from Hopkins et al. 180
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases during prolonged exercise in 4 individuals.

From Ekelund 98
Figure 6. Figure 6.

When blood flow is increased acutely (exercise) but not chronically [arteriovenous (A‐V) shunt], P(PA − LA) increases. Hence prolonged blood flow increase lowers pulmonary vascular resistance. Data from dogs.

From Elkins and Milnor 99, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activated by hypothalamic stimulation in the anesthetized dog with right ventricular bypass. Blood flow to lungs (PA) is constant. Stimulation of SNS alters pulmonary arterial pressure (PPA) by increasing systolic pressure with minimal lowering of diastolic pressure and slight increase in upper lobe flow (UL), implying decrease in pulmonary vascular compliance with little resistance change.

From Szidon and Fishman 373
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Mean transit time of red blood cells in pulmonary capillaries shortens as blood flow increases. Solid line, hypothetical relationship for fixed capillary blood volume.

From Johnson et al. 198
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Pulmonary arterial pressor response to acute hypoxia is similar in most animal species.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Species variability in severity of pulmonary hypertension during chronic hypoxia.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Cattle exposed to chronic hypoxia at 3,048‐m altitude: 8 susceptible to severe pulmonary hypertension, 11 resistant.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Postnatal regression of pulmonary hypertension at 4,540‐m altitude. Individual variability in pulmonary hypertension among adults is large. PA, pulmonary arterial.

From Reeves and Grover 310
Figure 13. Figure 13.

Pulmonary arterial pressure in residents of various altitudes. As altitude and hypoxia increase, arterial oxygen tension () decreases and individual variability in pulmonary hypertension increases.

Adapted from Reeves and Grover 310
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Postnatal decline in PA pressure at sea level. (Much faster than at high altitude: cf. Fig. 12).

From Reeves and Grover 310
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Increase in total pulmonary vascular resistance (pulmonary arterial pressure/cardiac output) during progressive acute hypoxia (indicated by lowered ) is greater among residents at 3,100‐m altitude than at sea level

From Reeves and Grover 310
Figure 16. Figure 16.

Relative perfusion (R) of lung regions in upright humans from apex to base (scintillation detector positions 1–6). Flow distribution more uniform in altitude natives than normal sea‐level residents; nonnative altitude residents are intermediate.

From Dawson and Grover 82
Figure 17. Figure 17.

In intact anesthetized dog, progressive airway hypoxia causes pulmonary capillary recruitment measured as increase in capillary perfusion index.

From Wagner and Latham 396
Figure 18. Figure 18.

Increase in pulmonary capillary perfusion index raises lung diffusing capacity during acute hypoxia in 7 intact anesthetized dogs. Infusion of pulmonary vasodilator prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) during hypoxia causes derecruitment and lowers diffusing capacity.

From Capen, Latham, and Wagner 55
Figure 19. Figure 19.

Magnitude of diversion of pulmonary arterial flow in dog away from hypoxic lung segment as function of segment size. Test‐segment size (abscissa) is percent total pulmonary blood flow to segment during normoxia (%QSN). For example a value of 100% would indicate that the whole lung was the hypoxic test segment to be made hypoxic, whereas a value of N 20% indicates a test segment confined to left upper lobe. Flow diversion (ordinate) is percent reduction in flow to segment when alveolar PO2 is reduced from nonhypoxic value to 30 mmHg. Hypoxic vasoconstriction in small lung segments effectively redistributes intrapulmonary flow, but effectiveness diminishes as more lung becomes hypoxic.

Data from Benumof and colleagues 27,245,246,340
Figure 20. Figure 20.

Local perfusion is well matched to local ventilation in normal lung, giving ventilation‐perfusion ratio close to 1.0 with little dispersion.

From West 407
Figure 21. Figure 21.

In isolated rat lung perfused with blood at constant flow, airway hypoxia and angiotensin II increase perfusion pressure, implying pulmonary vasoconstriction (top). Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, selectively inhibits pressor response to hypoxia but not to angiotensin II (bottom).

From McMurtry, Davidson, Reeves, and Grover 251, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
Figure 22. Figure 22.

Transient pressor responses to 5 chemically different inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation added to perfusate reservoir of blood‐perfused lungs. Note similarity of these responses to response to airway hypoxia (Fig. 21). Adding inhibitor solvents (saline or mixture of alcohol and rat plasma) did not alter perfusion pressure.

From Rounds and McMurtry 326, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
Figure 23. Figure 23.

Distending main pulmonary artery with nonocclusive balloon stimulates stretch receptors, which elicit reflex pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension with no significant change in cardiac output (CO) or aortic pressure (Ao). Systolic pressures in pulmonary artery (PA) distal to balloon and in right ventricle (RV) proximal to balloon rise together; no pressure gradient develops. EKG, electrocardiogram; HR, heart rate.

From Laks et al. 219
Figure 24. Figure 24.

Increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during progressive acute airway hypoxia augmented by lowering pH.

From Rudolph and Yuan 331, by copyright permission from the American Society for Clinical Investigation
Figure 25. Figure 25.

When acute airway hypoxia increases vascular resistance in intact anesthetized dog, histamine infusion lowers resistance (vasodilator effect), which implies that histamine does not mediate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

From Tucker, Weir, Reeves, and Grover 383
Figure 26. Figure 26.

Isolated rat lung perfused with blood at constant flow. Airway hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction indicated by rise in PA. A bolus injection of prostacyclin (PGI2), a potent pulmonary vasodilator, rapidly reverses this increased pulmonary vascular tone.

Figure 27. Figure 27.

Bolus injection of arachidonic acid during hypoxic pressor response in 10 blood‐perfused rat lungs. Early pressor response followed by vasodilation and inhibition of hypoxic vasoconstriction. Metabolites of arachidonic acid are therefore both potent vasoconstrictors and vasodilators.

From Voelkel, McMurtry, Reeves, et al. 389, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 1.

Circulation according to Galen. Anatomy was generally correct except for postulated invisible pores across interventricular septum. Belief that blood ebbed and flowed rather than circulated was another serious error.

From Bradley 45


Figure 2.

Longitudinal distribution of local vascular resistance (Rx) plotted against vascular volume in lung at transpulmonary pressures of 0, 3, 8, and 16 cmH2O. After lung inflates, vascular resistance is relatively evenly distributed.

From Dawson et al. 84


Figure 3.

Pressure drop across lung from pulmonary artery to left atrium [P(PA − LA)] with increasing blood flow (cardiac index) during short‐term exercise. Pulmonary vascular resistance constant for each group except healthy old men.

Data from Bevegård et al. 35, Elkins and Milnor 99, Granath and Strandell 138, and Lockhart et al. 239


Figure 4.

With elevation of PLA, P(PA − LA) decreases.

Data from Hopkins et al. 180


Figure 5.

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases during prolonged exercise in 4 individuals.

From Ekelund 98


Figure 6.

When blood flow is increased acutely (exercise) but not chronically [arteriovenous (A‐V) shunt], P(PA − LA) increases. Hence prolonged blood flow increase lowers pulmonary vascular resistance. Data from dogs.

From Elkins and Milnor 99, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 7.

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activated by hypothalamic stimulation in the anesthetized dog with right ventricular bypass. Blood flow to lungs (PA) is constant. Stimulation of SNS alters pulmonary arterial pressure (PPA) by increasing systolic pressure with minimal lowering of diastolic pressure and slight increase in upper lobe flow (UL), implying decrease in pulmonary vascular compliance with little resistance change.

From Szidon and Fishman 373


Figure 8.

Mean transit time of red blood cells in pulmonary capillaries shortens as blood flow increases. Solid line, hypothetical relationship for fixed capillary blood volume.

From Johnson et al. 198


Figure 9.

Pulmonary arterial pressor response to acute hypoxia is similar in most animal species.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315


Figure 10.

Species variability in severity of pulmonary hypertension during chronic hypoxia.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315


Figure 11.

Cattle exposed to chronic hypoxia at 3,048‐m altitude: 8 susceptible to severe pulmonary hypertension, 11 resistant.

From Reeves, Wagner, McMurtry, and Grover 315


Figure 12.

Postnatal regression of pulmonary hypertension at 4,540‐m altitude. Individual variability in pulmonary hypertension among adults is large. PA, pulmonary arterial.

From Reeves and Grover 310


Figure 13.

Pulmonary arterial pressure in residents of various altitudes. As altitude and hypoxia increase, arterial oxygen tension () decreases and individual variability in pulmonary hypertension increases.

Adapted from Reeves and Grover 310


Figure 14.

Postnatal decline in PA pressure at sea level. (Much faster than at high altitude: cf. Fig. 12).

From Reeves and Grover 310


Figure 15.

Increase in total pulmonary vascular resistance (pulmonary arterial pressure/cardiac output) during progressive acute hypoxia (indicated by lowered ) is greater among residents at 3,100‐m altitude than at sea level

From Reeves and Grover 310


Figure 16.

Relative perfusion (R) of lung regions in upright humans from apex to base (scintillation detector positions 1–6). Flow distribution more uniform in altitude natives than normal sea‐level residents; nonnative altitude residents are intermediate.

From Dawson and Grover 82


Figure 17.

In intact anesthetized dog, progressive airway hypoxia causes pulmonary capillary recruitment measured as increase in capillary perfusion index.

From Wagner and Latham 396


Figure 18.

Increase in pulmonary capillary perfusion index raises lung diffusing capacity during acute hypoxia in 7 intact anesthetized dogs. Infusion of pulmonary vasodilator prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) during hypoxia causes derecruitment and lowers diffusing capacity.

From Capen, Latham, and Wagner 55


Figure 19.

Magnitude of diversion of pulmonary arterial flow in dog away from hypoxic lung segment as function of segment size. Test‐segment size (abscissa) is percent total pulmonary blood flow to segment during normoxia (%QSN). For example a value of 100% would indicate that the whole lung was the hypoxic test segment to be made hypoxic, whereas a value of N 20% indicates a test segment confined to left upper lobe. Flow diversion (ordinate) is percent reduction in flow to segment when alveolar PO2 is reduced from nonhypoxic value to 30 mmHg. Hypoxic vasoconstriction in small lung segments effectively redistributes intrapulmonary flow, but effectiveness diminishes as more lung becomes hypoxic.

Data from Benumof and colleagues 27,245,246,340


Figure 20.

Local perfusion is well matched to local ventilation in normal lung, giving ventilation‐perfusion ratio close to 1.0 with little dispersion.

From West 407


Figure 21.

In isolated rat lung perfused with blood at constant flow, airway hypoxia and angiotensin II increase perfusion pressure, implying pulmonary vasoconstriction (top). Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, selectively inhibits pressor response to hypoxia but not to angiotensin II (bottom).

From McMurtry, Davidson, Reeves, and Grover 251, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 22.

Transient pressor responses to 5 chemically different inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation added to perfusate reservoir of blood‐perfused lungs. Note similarity of these responses to response to airway hypoxia (Fig. 21). Adding inhibitor solvents (saline or mixture of alcohol and rat plasma) did not alter perfusion pressure.

From Rounds and McMurtry 326, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc


Figure 23.

Distending main pulmonary artery with nonocclusive balloon stimulates stretch receptors, which elicit reflex pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension with no significant change in cardiac output (CO) or aortic pressure (Ao). Systolic pressures in pulmonary artery (PA) distal to balloon and in right ventricle (RV) proximal to balloon rise together; no pressure gradient develops. EKG, electrocardiogram; HR, heart rate.

From Laks et al. 219


Figure 24.

Increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during progressive acute airway hypoxia augmented by lowering pH.

From Rudolph and Yuan 331, by copyright permission from the American Society for Clinical Investigation


Figure 25.

When acute airway hypoxia increases vascular resistance in intact anesthetized dog, histamine infusion lowers resistance (vasodilator effect), which implies that histamine does not mediate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

From Tucker, Weir, Reeves, and Grover 383


Figure 26.

Isolated rat lung perfused with blood at constant flow. Airway hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction indicated by rise in PA. A bolus injection of prostacyclin (PGI2), a potent pulmonary vasodilator, rapidly reverses this increased pulmonary vascular tone.



Figure 27.

Bolus injection of arachidonic acid during hypoxic pressor response in 10 blood‐perfused rat lungs. Early pressor response followed by vasodilation and inhibition of hypoxic vasoconstriction. Metabolites of arachidonic acid are therefore both potent vasoconstrictors and vasodilators.

From Voelkel, McMurtry, Reeves, et al. 389, by permission of the American Heart Association, Inc
References
 1. Agostoni, E., and J. Piiper. Capillary pressure and distribution of vascular resistance in isolated lung. Am. J. Physiol. 202: 1033–1036, 1962.
 2. Ahmed, T., W. Oliver, Jr., B. L. Frank, M. J. Robinson, and A. Wanner. Does slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS‐A) mediate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction? Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125: 271, 1982.
 3. Allison, D. J., and H. S. Stanbrook. A radiographic and physiologic investigation into hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. Invest. Radiol. 15: 178–190, 1980.
 4. Anderson, F. L., T. J. Tsagaris, W. Jubiz, and H. Kuida. Prostaglandin F and E levels during endotoxin‐induced pulmonary hypertension in calves. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1479–1482, 1975.
 5. Aramendia, P., C. M. Taquini, A. Foceade, and A. C. Taquini. Reflex vasomotor activity during unilateral occlusion of the pulmonary artery. Am. Heart J. 66: 53–60, 1963.
 6. Arborelius, M., B. Lilja, and C. W. Zauner. The relative effect of hypoxia and gravity on pulmonary blood flow. Respiration 31: 369–380, 1974.
 7. Assimacopoulos, A., R. Guggenheim, and Y. Kapanci. Changes in alveolar capillary configuration at different levels of lung inflation in the rat. Lab. Invest. 34: 10–22, 1976.
 8. Aviado, D. M. Pulmonary venular responses to anoxia, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and histamine. Am. J. Physiol. 198: 1032–1036, 1960.
 9. Aviado, D. M., M. Samanek, and L. E. Folle. Cardiopulmonary effects of tobacco and related substances. I. The release of histamine during inhalation of cigarette smoke and anoxemia in the heart‐lung and intact dog preparation. Arch. Environ. Health 12: 705–711, 1966.
 10. Badder, E., T. Magill, and F. E. Gump. Regional alpha‐adrenergic blockade and the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia. Surgery 74: 555–561, 1973.
 11. Bakhle, Y. S., and J. R. Vane. Pharmacokinetic function of the pulmonary circulation. Physiol. Rev. 54: 1007–1045, 1974.
 12. Banchero, N., R. F. Grover, and J. A. Will. High altitude‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in the llama (Lama glama). Am. J. Physiol. 220: 422–427, 1971.
 13. Bannister, J., and R. W. Torrance. The effect of tracheal pressure on flow‐pressure relations in the vascular bed of isolated lungs. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 45: 352–367, 1960.
 14. Barer, G. R. Reactivity of the vessels of collapsed and ventilated lungs to drugs and hypoxia. Circ. Res. 18: 366–378, 1966.
 15. Barer, G. R. The physiology of the pulmonary circulation and methods of study. Pharmacol. Ther. 2: 247–273, 1976.
 16. Barer, G. R., P. Howard, J. R. McCurrie, and J. W. Shaw. Changes in the pulmonary circulation after bronchial occlusion in anesthetized dogs and cats. Circ. Res. 25: 747–764, 1969.
 17. Barer, G. R., P. Howard, and J. W. Shaw. Stimulus‐response curves for the pulmonary vascular bed to hypoxia and hypercapnia. J. Physiol. London 211: 139–155, 1970.
 18. Barer, G. R., and J. W. Shaw. Pulmonary vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions of carbon dioxide. J. Physiol. London 213: 633–645, 1971.
 19. Basman, A. R., G. de J. Lee, and R. Marshall. The effect of pulsatile capillary blood flow upon gas exchange within the lungs of man. Clin. Sci. 28: 295, 1965.
 20. Bates, D. V., N. G. Boucot, and A. E. Dormer. The pulmonary diffusing capacity in normal subjects. J. Physiol. London 129: 237–252, 1955.
 21. Baylen, B. G., G. C. Emmanouilides, C. E. Juratsch, Y. Yoshida, W. J. French, and J. M. Criley. Main pulmonary artery distention: a potential mechanism for acute pulmonary hypertension in the human newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 96: 540–544, 1980.
 22. Benjamin, J. J., P. S. Murtagh, D. F. Proctor, N. A. Menkes, and S. Permutt. Pulmonary vascular interdependence in excised dog lobes. J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 887–894, 1974.
 23. Benumop, J. L. Mechanism of decreased blood flow to atelectatic lung. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 1047–1048, 1979.
 24. Benumof, J. L., J. M. Mathers, and E. A. Wahrenbrock. Cyclic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by concomitant carbon dioxide changes. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 466–469, 1976.
 25. Benumof, J. L., and E. A. Wahrenbrock. Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by increased lung vascular pressures. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 846–850, 1975.
 26. Benumof, J. L., and E. A. Wahrenbrock. Dependency of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on temperature. J. Appl. Physiol: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42: 56–58, 1977.
 27. Benumof, J. L., M. A. Zasslow, and F. R. Trousdale. Flow redistribution vs. Ppa vs. size of hypoxic area. Anesthesiology 55: 379A, 1981.
 28. Bergofsky, E. H. Mechanisms underlying vasomotor regulation of regional pulmonary blood flow in normal and disease state. Am. J. Med. 57: 378–394, 1974.
 29. Bergofsky, E. H. Active control of the normal pulmonary circulation. In: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, edited by K. M. Moser. New York: Dekker, 1979, p. 233–277.
 30. Bergofsky, E. H. Humoral control of the pulmonary circulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 221–233, 1980.
 31. Bergofsky, E. H., F. Haas, and R. Porcelli. Determination of the sensitive vascular sites from which hypoxia and hypercapnia elicit rises in pulmonary arterial pressure. Federation Proc. 27: 1420–1425, 1968.
 32. Bergofsky, E. H., and S. Holtzman. A study of the mechanisms involved in the pulmonary arterial pressor response to hypoxia. Circ. Res. 20: 506–519, 1967.
 33. Berkov, S. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rat. The necessary role of angiotensin II. Circ. Res. 35: 256–261, 1974.
 34. Best, P. V., and D. Heath. Interpretation of the appearances of the small pulmonary blood vessels in animals. Circ. Res. 9: 288–294, 1961.
 35. Bevegård, S., A. Holmgrem, and B. Jonsson. Circulatory studies in well trained athletes at rest and during heavy exercise with special reference to SV and the influence of body position. Acta Physiol. Scand. 57: 26–50, 1963.
 36. Bhattacharya, J., S. Nanjo, and N. C. Staub. Direct measurement of microvascular pressures during 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) infusion in isolated, perfused dog lung (Abstract). Federation Proc. 39: 707, 1980.
 37. Bhattacharya, J., and N. C. Staub. Direct measurement of microvascular pressures in the isolated perfused dog lung. Science 210: 327–328, 1980.
 38. Bisgard, G. E., J. A. Orr, and J. A. Will. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the pony. Am. J. Vet. Res. 36: 49–52, 1975.
 39. Bisgard, G. E., and J. H. K. Vogel. Hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension in calves after carotid body excision. J. Appl. Physiol. 31: 431–437, 1971.
 40. Bjertnaes, L. J., A. Hauge, and T. Torgrimsen. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia. The hypoxia‐sensitive site studied with a volatile inhibitor. Acta Physiol. Scand. 109: 447–462, 1980.
 41. Bjertnaes, L., R. Mundal, A. Hauge, and A. Nicolaysen. Vascular resistance in atelectatic lungs: effects of inhalation anesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 24: 109–118, 1980.
 42. Bohr, D. F., S. Greenberg, and A. Bonaccorsi. Mechanisms of action of vasoactive agents. In: Microcirculation, edited by G. Kaley and B. M. Altura. Baltimore, MD: University Park, 1978, vol. II, p. 311–348.
 43. Bolton, T. B. Mechanisms of action of transmitters and other substances on smooth muscle. Physiol. Rev. 59: 606–718, 1979.
 44. Bosman, A. R., G. de J. Lee, and R. Marshall. The effect of pulsatile capillary blood flow upon gas exchange within the lungs of man. Clin. Sci. 28: 295–309, 1965.
 45. Bradley, S. E. The splanchnic circulation. In: Circulation of the Blood. Men and Ideas, edited by A. P. Fishman and D. W. Richards. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1964, p. 687–702.
 46. Brashear, R. E., R. R. Martin, and J. C. Ross. In vivo histamine levels with hypoxia and compound 48/80. Am. J. Med. Sci. 260: 21–27, 1970.
 47. Braun, K., and S. Stern. Functional significance of the pulmonary venous system. Am. J. Cardiol. 20: 56–65, 1967.
 48. Bryan, A. C., L. G. Bentivoglio, F. Beerel, H. MacLeish, A. Zidulka, and D. V. Bates. Factors affecting regional distribution of Ventilation and perfusion in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 395–402, 1964.
 49. Burka, J. F., and P. Eyre. Effects of bovine SRS‐A (SRS‐Abov) on bovine respiratory tract and lung vasculature in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 44: 169–177, 1977.
 50. Burri, P. H., and E. R. Weibel. Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity. II. Effect of PO2 on the growing lung. Adaptation of the growing rat lung to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Respir. Physiol. 11: 247–264, 1971.
 51. Burton, A. C., and D. J. Patel. Effects on pulmonary vascular resistance of inflation of the rabbit lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 12: 239–246, 1958.
 52. Burton, R. R., E. L. Besch, and A. H. Smith. Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken. Am. J. Physiol. 214: 1438–1442, 1968.
 53. Butler, T. M., and R. E. Davies. High energy phosphates in smooth muscle. In: Handbook of Physiology. Cardiovascular System, edited by D. F. Bohr, A. P. Somlyo, and H. V. Sparks, Jr. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1980, sect. 1, vol. II, chapt. 10, p. 237–252.
 54. Campbell, A. G. M., F. Cockburn, G. S. Dawes, and J. E. Milligan. Pulmonary vasoconstriction in asphyxia during cross‐circulation between twin fetal lambs. J. Physiol. London 192: 111–121, 1967.
 55. Capen, R. L., L. P. Latham, and W. W. Wagner, Jr. Diffusing capacity of the lung during hypoxia: role of capillary recruitment. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50: 165–171, 1981.
 56. Capen, R. L., and W. W. Wagner, Jr. Intrapulmonary blood flow redistribution during hypoxia increases gas exchange surface area. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 52: 1575–1581, 1982.
 57. Caro, C. G., T. J. Pedley, R. C. Schroter, and W. H. Seed. The Mechanics of the Circulation. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978.
 58. Cassidy, S. Indomethacin blocks the reflexly‐mediated cardiovascular depression of lung hyperinflation. Clin. Res. 27: 491A, 1979.
 59. Chalazonitis, N. Chemoreception and transduction on neuronal models. In: Tissue Hypoxia and Ischemia, edited by M. Reivich, R. Coburn, S. Lahiri, and B. Chance. New York: Plenum, 1977, p. 85–100.
 60. Clark‐Kennedy, A. E. Stephen Hales. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1929.
 61. Coburn, R. F. Oxygen tension sensors in vascular smooth muscle. In: Tissue Hypoxia and Ischemia, edited by M. Reivich, R. Coburn, S. Lahiri, and B. Chance. New York: Plenum, 1977, p. 101–115.
 62. Coburn, R. F., B. Grubb, and R. D. Aronson. Effect of cyanide on oxygen tension‐dependent mechanical tension in rabbit aorta. Circ. Res. 44: 368–379, 1979.
 63. Coceani, F., and P. M. Olley. The response of the ductus arteriosus to prostaglandins. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 51: 220–225, 1973.
 64. Cohn, M. A., H. Baier, and A. Wanner. Failure of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the canine asthma models. The effect of prostaglandin inhibitors. J. Clin. Invest. 61: 1463–1470, 1978.
 65. Colebatch, H. J. H., G. S. Dawes, J. W. Goodwin, and R. A. Nadeau. The nervous control of the circulation in the fetal and newly expanded lungs of the lamb. J. Physiol. London 178: 544–562, 1965.
 66. Colley, P. S., F. W. Cheney, and M. P. Hlastala. Pulmonary gas exchange effects of nitroglycerine in canine edematous lungs. Anesthesiology 55: 114–119, 1981.
 67. Conhaim, R. L., and N. C. Staub. Reflection spectrophotometry measurement of O2 uptake in pulmonary arterioles of cats. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 48: 848–856, 1980.
 68. Cournand, A. Air and blood. In: Circulation of the Blood. Men and Ideas, edited by A. P. Fishman and D. W. Richards. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1964, p. 3–70.
 69. Cropp, G. J. A. Reduction of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by magnesium chloride. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 755–760, 1968.
 70. Cross, C. E., H. Gong, C. J. Kurpershoek, J. R. Gillespie, and R. W. Hyde. Alterations in distribution of blood flow to the lung's diffusion surfaces during exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 414–421, 1973.
 71. Cueva, S., H. Sillow, A. Valenzuela, and H. Plooz. High altitude‐induced pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in broiler chickens. Res. Vet. Sci. 16: 370–374, 1974.
 72. Culver, B. H., and J. Butler. Mechanical influences on the pulmonary microcirculation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 187–198, 1980.
 73. Cumming, G. The pulmonary circulation. In: Cardiovascular Physiology, edited by A. C. Guyton and C. E. Jones. London: Butterworths, 1974, p. 93–122.
 74. Daly, I. De B., and C. Hebb. Pulmonary and bronchial vascular systems. London: Arnold, 1966, p. 30–313.
 75. Daly, I. De B., C. C. Michel, J. J. Ramsay, and B. A. Waaler. Conditions governing the pulmonary vascular response to ventilation hypoxia and hypoxemia in the dog. J. Physiol. London 196: 351–379, 1968.
 76. Daly, I. De B., D. J. Ramsay, and B. A. Waaler. Pulmonary vasomotor responses in isolated perfused lungs of Macaca mulatta and Papio species. J. Physiol. London 250: 463–473, 1975.
 77. Daly, W. J., S. T. Giammona, and J. C. Ross. The pressure‐volume relationship of the normal pulmonary capillary bed. J. Clin. Invest. 44: 1261–1268, 1965.
 78. Dantzker, D. R., and J. S. Bower. Pulmonary vascular tone improves Va/Q matching in obliterative pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 607–613, 1981.
 79. Dawes, G. S. Foetal and Neonatal Physiology. Chicago, IL: Year Book Med., 1968, p. 80–83.
 80. Dawes, G. S., and J. C. Mott. The vascular tone of the fetal lung. J. Physiol. London 164: 465–477, 1962.
 81. Dawson, A. Regional pulmonary blood flow in sitting and supine man during and after acute hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 301–310, 1969.
 82. Dawson, A., and R. F. Grover. Regional lung function in natives and long‐term residents at 3,100 m altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 36: 294–298, 1974.
 83. Dawson, C. A., F. A. Delano, L. H. Hamilton, and W. J. Stekiel. Histamine releasers and hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated cat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 670–674, 1974.
 84. Dawson, C. A., T. E. Forrester, and L. H. Hamilton. Effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on lung blood volume. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 811–816, 1975.
 85. Dawson, C. A., D. J. Grimm, and J. H. Linehan. Effects of lung inflation on longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43: 1089–1092, 1977.
 86. Dawson, C. A., D. J. Grimm, and J. H. Linehan. Lung inflation and longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 532–536, 1979.
 87. DeGraff, A. C., Jr., R. F. Grover, R. L. Johnson, Jr., J. W. Hammond, Jr., and J. M. Miller. Diffusing capacity of the lung in Caucasians native to 3,100 m. J. Appl. Physiol. 29: 71–76, 1970.
 88. DePasquale, N. P., G. E. Burch, and A. L. Hyman. Pulmonary venous responses to immersion hypethermia and hypothermia. Am. Heart J. 70: 486–493, 1965.
 89. Detar, R. Mechanism of physiological hypoxia‐induced depression of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 7): H761–H769, 1980.
 90. Doby, T. Discoverers of Blood Circulation. London: Abelard‐Schuman, 1963.
 91. Downing, S. E., and J. C. Lee. Nervous control of the pulmonary circulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 199–210, 1980.
 92. D'Oliveira, M., K. Sykes, K. Chakrabarti, C. Orchard, and J. Keslin. Depression of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerine. Br. J. Anaesth. 53: 11–17, 1981.
 93. Dugard, A., and A. Naimark. Effect of hypoxia on distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 663–671, 1967.
 94. Duke, H. N. The effect of α‐adrenergic blocking agents on the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia in isolated cats' lungs (Abstract). J. Physiol. London 196: 59P–61P, 1968.
 95. Duke, H. N., and E. M. Killick. Pulmonary vasomotor responses of isolated perfused cat lungs to anoxia. J. Physiol. London 117: 303–316, 1952.
 96. Duke, H. N., E. M. Killick, and J. V. Marchant. Changes in pH of the perfusate during hypoxia in isolated perfused cat lungs. J. Physiol. London 153: 413–422, 1960.
 97. Duling, B. R. Oxygen, metabolism, and microcirculatory control. In: Microcirculation, edited by G. Kaley and B. M. Altura. Baltimore, MD: University Park, 1978, vol. II, chapt. 10, p. 401–429.
 98. Ekelund, L. G. Circulatory and respiratory adaptation during prolonged exercise of moderate intensity in the sitting position. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69: 327–340, 1967.
 99. Elkins, R. C., and W. R. Milnor. Pulmonary vascular response in the dog. Circ. Res. 29: 591–599, 1971.
 100. Emery, C. J., P. J. M. Sloan, F. H. Mohammed, and G. R. Barer. The action of hypercapnia during hypoxia on pulmonary vessels. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 13: 763–776, 1977.
 101. Engineer, D. M., H. R. Morris, P. J. Piper, and P. Sirois. The release of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from guinea pig lung by slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and its inhibition. Br. J. Pharmacol. 64: 211–218, 1978.
 102. Enjeti, S., J. T. O'Neill, P. B. Terry, H. A. Menkes, and R. J. Traystman. Sublobar atelectasis and regional pulmonary blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 1245–1250, 1979.
 103. Enson, Y., C. Giuntini, M. L. Lewis, T. Q. Morris, M. I. Ferrer, and R. M. Harvey. The influence of hydrogen ion concentration and hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation. J. Clin. Invest. 43: 1146–1162, 1964.
 104. Escourrou, P., G. Simonneau, J. Corrina, B. Raffestin, A. Lockhart, and P. Deroux. Inhibition of human pulmonary vasoconstriction by a calcium antagonist (nifedipine). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121: 431, 1980.
 105. Fanberg, B. L. Prostaglandins and the lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 108: 482–489, 1973.
 106. Fanburg, B. L., J. R. Mieszla, and H. J. Levine. Absence of a role for angiotensin II in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in the intact dog. Cardiovasc. Med. 2: 1023–1030, 1977.
 107. Filley, G. F., D. J. Macintosh, and G. W. Wright. Carbon monoxide uptake and the pulmonary diffusing capacity in normal subjects at rest and during exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 33: 530–539, 1954.
 108. Fisher, A. B., and C. Dodia. Lung as a model for evaluation of critical intracellular PO2 and Pco. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Endocrinol. Metab. 4): E47–E50, 1981.
 109. Fisher, A. B., N. Itakura, C. Dodia, and R. G. Thurman. Relationship between alveolar PO2 and the rate of p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylation by the cytochrome P‐450 pathway in isolated rabbit lungs. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 770–774, 1979.
 110. Fishman, A. P. Hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation: how and where it acts. Circ. Res. 38: 221–231, 1976.
 111. Fishman, A. P. The sensing of oxygen tension in the pulmonary circulation. In: Tissue Hypoxia and Ischemia, edited by M. Reivich, R. Coburn, S. Lahiri, and B. Chance. New York: Plenum, 1977, p. 143–150.
 112. Fishman, A. P. Vasomotor regulation of the pulmonary circulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 211–220, 1980.
 113. Fishman, A. P., and G. G. Pietra. Handling of bioactive materials by the lung. Parts I and II. N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 884–890, 953–959, 1974.
 114. Fleming, D. Galen on the motions of the heart and lungs. Isis 46: 14–21, 1955.
 115. Fleming, D. William Harvey and the pulmonary circulation. Isis 46: 319–327, 1955.
 116. Flenley, D. C., J. Picken, L. Welchel, F. Ruff, P. M. Corry, and P. T. Macklem. Blood gas transfer after small airway obstruction in the dog and minipig. Respir. Physiol. 15: 39–51, 1972.
 117. Flower, R. J. Prostaglandin metabolism in the lung. In: Metabolic Functions of the Lung. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, edited by Y. S. Bakhle and J. R. Vane. New York: Dekker, 1977, vol. 4, p. 85–122.
 118. Forster, R. E., and E. D. Crandall. Pulmonary gas exchange. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 38: 69–93, 1976.
 119. Fowler, K. T., and J. Read. Effect of alveolar hypoxia on zonal distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 244–250, 1963.
 120. Frank, R. G., Jr. Harvey and the Oxford Physiologist. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1980.
 121. Franklin, K. J. (translator). Circulation of the blood. In: Two Anatomical Essays by William Harvey, Together With Nine Letters Written by Him. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1972, p. 72.
 122. Fulton, J. F. Selected Readings in the History of Physiology. Springfield, IL.: Thomas, 1966.
 123. Fung, Y. C., and S. S. Sobin. Theory of sheet flow in lung alveoli. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 472–488, 1969.
 124. Furnival, C. M., R. J. Linden, and H. M. Snow. The effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary veins (Abstract). J. Physiol. London 210: 43P–44P, 1970.
 125. Gamboa, R., and E. Marticorena. Presion arterial pulmonar en el recien nacido en las grandes alturas. Arch. Inst. Biol. Andina 4: 55–66, 1971.
 126. Gevers, W., and E. Dowdle. The effect of pH on glycolysis in vitro. Clin. Sci. 25: 343–349, 1963.
 127. Gil, J. Organization of microcirculation in the lung. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 177–186, 1980.
 128. Gilbert, R. P., L. B. Hinshaw, H. Kuida, and M. B. Visscher. Effects of histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and epinephrine on pulmonary hemodynamics with particular reference to arterial and venous segment resistances. Am. J. Physiol. 194: 165–170, 1958.
 129. Gillespie, W. J., D. G. Greene, N. B. Karateas, and G. de J. Lee. Effect of arterial systole on right ventricular stroke output in complete heart block. Br. Med. J. 1: 75, 1967.
 130. Glazier, J. B., J. B. Hughes, J. E. Maloney, and J. B. West. Measurements of capillary dimensions and blood volume in rapidly frozen lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 65–76, 1969.
 131. Glover, G. H., and I. E. Newsom. Further studies on brisket disease. J. Agric. Res. Washington, DC 15: 409–413, 1918.
 132. Goetz, R. H., M. Rohman, V. M. Goetz, R. Dee, and D. State. The effect of temperature change on the pulmonary circulation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 114: 595–601, 1962.
 133. Goetzman, B. W., and J. M. Milstein. Pulmonary vascular histamine receptors in newborn and young lambs. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 49: 380–385, 1980.
 134. Goldring, R. M., G. M. Turino, G. Cohen, A. G. Jameson, B. G. Bass, and A. P. Fishman. The catecholamines in the pulmonary arterial pressor response to acute hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 41: 1211–1221, 1962.
 135. Goldzimer, E. L., R. G. Konopka, and K. M. Moser. Reversal of perfusion defect in experimental canine lobar pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Appl. Physiol. 37: 85–91, 1974.
 136. Gorsky, B. H., and T. C. Lloyd, Jr. Effects of perfusate composition on hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated lung lobes. J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 683–686, 1967.
 137. Goshy, M., S. J. Lai‐Fook, and R. E. Hyatt. Perivascular pressure measurements by wick‐catheter technique in isolated dog lobes. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 950–955, 1979.
 138. Granath, A., and T. Strandell. Relationships between cardiac output, stroke volume, and intracardiac pressures at rest and during exercise in supine position and some anthropometric data in healthy old men. Acta Med. Scand. 176: 447–466, 1964.
 139. Grant, B. J. B., E. E. Davies, H. A. Jones, and J. M. B. Hughes. Local regulation of pulmonary blood flow and ventilation‐perfusion ratios in coatimundi. J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 216–228, 1976.
 140. Grover, R. F. Comparative physiology of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Hypoxia, edited by J. D. Hatcher and D. B. Jennings. New York: Karger, 1966, p. 307–321.
 141. Grover, R. F., J. T. Reeves, D. H. Will, and S. G. Blount, Jr. Pulmonary vasoconstriction in steers at high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 567–574, 1963.
 142. Grover, R. F., D. H. Will, J. T. Reeves, E. K. Weir, I. F. McMurtry, and A. F. Alexander. Genetic transmission of susceptibility to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Prog. Respir. Res. 9: 112–117, 1975.
 143. Gryglewski, R. J. Is the lung an endocrine organ that secretes prostacyclin? In: Prostacyclin, edited by J. R. Vane and S. Bergstrom. New York: Raven, 1979, p. 275–287.
 144. Gryglewski, R. J., R. Korbut, and A. Ocetkiewicz. Generation of prostacyclin by the lungs in vivo and its release into the arterial circulation. Nature London 273: 765–767, 1978.
 145. Guerzon, G. M., P. D. Pane, M. C. Michoud, and J. C. Hogg. The number and distribution of mast cells in monkey lungs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119: 59–66, 1979.
 146. Haas, F., and E. H. Bergofsky. Role of the mast cell in the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 3153–3162, 1972.
 147. Hakim, T. S., R. P. Michel, and H. Minami. Site of pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction studied with arterial and venous occlusion. J. Appl. Physiol. In press.
 148. Hales, C. A., B. Ahluwalia, and H. Kazemi. Strength of pulmonary vascular response to regional alveolar hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 1083–1087, 1975.
 149. Hales, C. A., and H. Kazemi. Hypoxic vascular response of the lung: effect of aminophylline and epinephrine. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 110: 126–132, 1974.
 150. Hales, C. A., and H. Kazemi. Role of histamine in the hypoxic vascular response of the lung. Respir. Physiol. 24: 81–88, 1975.
 151. Hales, C. A., E. T. Rouse, and H. Kazemi. Failure of saralasin acetate, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II to diminish alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction in the dog. Cardiovasc. Res. 11: 541–546, 1977.
 152. Hales, C. A., E. T. Rouse, and J. L. Slate. Influence of aspirin and indomethacin on variability of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 33–39, 1978.
 153. Hales, C. A., and D. Westphal. Hypoxemia following the administration of sublingual nitroglycerine. Am. J. Med. 65: 911–918, 1978.
 154. Hales, C. A., and D. M. Westphal. Pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction: not affected by chemical sympathectomy. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 529–533, 1979.
 155. Hales, S. Statical Essays: Containing Haemastaticks. London: Innys, Manby, & Woodward, 1733.
 156. Statical Essays: Containing Haemastaticks. New York: Hafner, 1964.
 157. Hamilton, W. F., and D. W. Richards. The output of the heart. In: Circulation of the Blood. Men and Ideas, edited by A. P. Fishman and D. W. Richards. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1964.
 158. Hammarstrom, S., R. C. Murphy, B. Samuelsson, D. A. Clark, C. Mioskowski, and E. S. Corey. Structure of Leukotriene C: indentification of the amino acid part. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91: 1266–1272, 1979.
 159. Hand, J. M., J. A. Will, and C. K. Buckner. Effects of leukotrienes on isolated guinea‐pig pulmonary arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 76: 439–442, 1981.
 160. Hanna, C. J., M. K. Bach, P. D. Pare, and R. R. Schellenberg. Slow‐reacting substances (leukotrienes) contract human airway and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle in vitro. Nature London 290: 343–344, 1981.
 161. Harf, A., T. Pratt, and J. M. B. Hughes. Regional distribution of VA/Q. in man at rest and with exercise measured with Krypton‐81M. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 44: 115–123, 1978.
 162. Harris, P., J. M. Bishop, and N. Segal. The influence of guanethidine on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in normal man. Clin. Sci. 21: 295–300, 1961.
 163. Harris, P., N. Segel, and J. M. Bishop. The relation between pressure and flow in the pulmonary circulation in normal subjects and in patients with chronic bronchitis and mitral stenosis. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 73–81, 1968.
 164. Harvey, R. M., Y. Enson, R. Betti, M. L. Lewis, D. F. Rochester, and M. I. Ferrer. Further observations on the effect of hydrogen ion on the pulmonary circulation. Circulation 35: 1019–1027, 1967.
 165. Harvey, W. Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus. Frankfurt: William Fitzer, 1628. [Keynes' 1928 transl.] Birmingham, AL: Classics of Medicine Library, 1978.
 166. Hauge, A. Conditions governing the pressor response to ventilation hypoxia in isolated perfused rat lungs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 72: 33–44, 1968.
 167. Hauge, A. Role of histamine in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rat. I. Blockade or potentiation of endogenous amines, kinin, and ATP. Circ. Res. 22: 371–383, 1968.
 168. Hauge, A. Ventilation hypoxia and pulmonary vascular resistance effects of changes in plasma potassium concentration. Acta Physiol. Scand. 75: 240–244, 1969.
 169. Hauge, A. Hypoxia and pulmonary vascular resistance. The relative effects of pulmonary arterial and alveolar PO2. Acta Physiol. Scand. 76: 121–130, 1969.
 170. Hauge, A. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to acute hypoxia. Studies on mechanism and site of action. Prog. Respir. Res. 5: 145–155, 1970.
 171. Hauge, A., and K. L. Melmon. Role of histamine in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rat. II. Depletion of histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines. Circ. Res. 22: 385–393, 1968.
 172. Hauge, A., and N. C. Staub. Prevention of hypoxic vasoconstriction in cat lung by histamine releasing agent 48/80. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 693–699, 1969.
 173. Hebb, C. Motor innervation of the pulmonary blood vessels in mammals. In: The Pulmonary Circulation and Interstitial Space, edited by A. P. Fishman and H. H. Hecht. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969, p. 195–222.
 174. Heinemann, H. O., and A. P. Fishman. Nonrespiratory functions of mammalian lung. Physiol. Rev. 49: 1–47, 1969.
 175. Heymann, M. A., and A. M. Rudolph. Effects of acetylsalicyclic acid on the ductus arteriosus and circulation in fetal lambs in utero. Circ. Res. 38: 418–422, 1976.
 176. Hirschman, J. C., and R. J. Bouncek. Angiographic evidence of pulmonary vasomotion in the dog. Br. Heart J. 25: 375–381, 1963.
 177. Hoffman, E. A., M. L. Munroe, A. Tucker, and J. T. Reeves. Histamine H1‐ and H2‐receptors in the cat and their roles during alveolar hypoxia. Respir. Physiol. 29: 255–264, 1977.
 178. Holley, H. S., A. Dawson, A. C. Bryan, J. Milic‐Emili, and D. V. Bates. Effect of oxygen on the regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion in the lung. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 44: 89–93, 1966.
 179. Honig, C. R. Control of smooth muscle actomyosin by phosphate and 5′AMP: possible role in metabolic autoregulation. Microvasc. Res. 1: 133–146, 1968.
 180. Hooke, R. An account of an experiment made by M. Hooke of preserving animals alive by blowing through their lungs with bellows. Philos. Trans. 2: 539–540, 1667. In:
 181. Pulmonary and Regulatory Physiology, edited by J. R. Comroe, Jr. Strondsberg, PA: Dowdens, Hutchinson, & Ross, 1976, p. 306–308.
 182. Hopkins, R. A., J. W. Hammon, P. A. McHale, P. K. Smith, and R. W. Anderson. An analysis of the pulsatile hemodynamic responses of the pulmonary circulation to acute and chronic pulmonary venous hypertension in the awake dog. Circ. Res. 47: 902–910, 1980.
 183. Horsfield, K., and G. Cumming. Functional consequences of airway morphology. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 384–390, 1968.
 184. Howell, J. B. L., S. Permutt, D. F. Proctor, and R. L. Riley. Effect of inflation of the lung on different parts of pulmonary vascular bed. J. Appl. Physiol. 16: 71–76, 1961.
 185. Hughes, J. M. B. Local control of blood flow and ventilation. In: Regional Differences in the Lung, edited by J. B. West. New York: Academic, 1977, p 419–445.
 186. Hughes, J. M. B., B. J. B. Grant, H. A. Jones, and E. E. Davies. Oxygen tension and the regulation of local pulmonary blood flow. Prog. Respir. Res. 9: 88–91, 1975.
 187. Hultgren, H. N., and R. F. Grover. Circulatory adaptations to high altitude. Annu. Rev. Med. 19: 119–152, 1968.
 188. Hyman, A. L. Pulmonary vasoconstriction due to nonocclusive distention of large pulmonary arteries in the dog. Circ. Res. 23: 401–413, 1968.
 189. Hyman, A. L. Effects of large increases in pulmonary blood flow on pulmonary venous pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 27: 179–185, 1969.
 190. Hyman, A., M. Heymann, D. Levin, and A. Rudolph. Angiotensin is not the mediator of hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in fetal lambs (Abstract). Circulation 52, Suppl. II: 132, 1975.
 191. Hyman, A. L., and P. J. Kadowitz. Effects of alveolar and perfusion hypoxia and hypercapnia on pulmonary vascular resistance in the lamb. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 397–403, 1975.
 192. Hyman, A. L., and P. J. Kadowitz. Pulmonary vasodilator activity of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the cat. Circ. Res. 45: 404–409, 1979.
 193. Hyman, A. L., E. W. Spannhake, and P. J. Kadowitz. Prostaglandins and the lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 117: 111–136, 1978.
 194. Hyman, A. L., E. W. Spannhake, and P. J. Kadowitz. Disparate actions of arachidonic acid on feline pulmonary vascular bed. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 7: 765–767, 1980.
 195. Ingram, R. H., J. P. Szidon, R. Skalak, and A. P. Fishman. Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the pulmonary arterial tree of the isolated lobe perfused in situ. Circ. Res. 22: 801–815, 1968.
 196. Isawa, T., T. Teshima, T. Hirano, K. Shiraishi, T. Matsuda, and K. Konno. Regulation of regional perfusion distribution in the lungs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 118: 55–63, 1978.
 197. Jameson, A. G. Gaseous diffusion from alveoli into pulmonary arteries. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 448–456, 1964.
 198. Jöbsis, F. F. What is a molecular oxygen sensor? What is a transduction process? In: Tissue Hypoxia and Ischemia, edited by M. Reivich, R. Coburn, S. Lahiri, and B. Chance. New York: Plenum, 1977, p. 3–18.
 199. Jöbsis, F. F., and J. C. Lamanna. Kinetic aspects of intracellular redox reactions. In vivo effects during and after hypoxia and ischemia. In: Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Diseases, edited by E. D. Robin. New York: Dekker, 1978, chapt. 3, p. 63–106.
 200. Johnson, R. L., Jr., W. S. Spicer, J. M. Bishop, and R. E. Forster. Pulmonary capillary blood volume, flow and diffusing capacity during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 15: 893–902, 1960.
 201. Juratsch, C. E., G. Emmanouilides, D. W. Thibeault, B. G. Baylen, J. A. Jengo, and M. M. Laks. Pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by distention of the main pulmonary artery in conscious newborn, young and adult sheep. Pediatr. Res. 14: 1332–1338, 1980.
 202. Juratsch, C. E., J. Jengo, and M. Laks. The role of the autonomic nervous system and pulmonary artery receptors in the production of experimental pulmonary hypertension. Chest 71: 265–268, 1977.
 203. Kadowitz, P. J., E. W. Spannhake, S. Greenberg, L. P. Feigen, and A. L. Hyman. Comparative effects of arachidonic acid, bisenoic prostaglandins, and an endoperoxide analog on the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55: 1369–1377, 1977.
 204. Kadowitz, P. J., P. D. Joiner, and A. L. Hyman. Comparison of the effects of prostaglandins F1 and F2 on the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149: 356–361, 1975.
 205. Kadowitz, P. J., D. S. Knight, R. G. Hibbs, J. D. Ellison, P. D. Joiner, M. S. Brody, and A. L. Hyman. Influence of 5‐and 6‐hydroxydopamine on adrenergic transmission and nerve terminal morphology in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Circ. Res. 39: 191–199, 1976.
 206. Kapanci, Y., A. Assimacopoulas, A. Zwahlen, and G. Gabbiani. Contractile interstitial cells in pulmonary alveolar septea: a possible regulator of ventilation/perfusion ratio? J. Cell Biol. 60: 375–392, 1974.
 207. Kato, M., and N. C. Staub. Response of small pulmonary arteries to unilobar hypoxia and hypercapnia. Circ. Res. 19: 426–439, 1966.
 208. Kay, J. M., J. C. Waymire, and R. F. Grover. Lung mast cell hyperplasia and pulmonary histamine‐forming capacity in hypoxic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 226: 178–184, 1974.
 209. Kay, J. M., and R. F. Grover. Lung mast cells and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Prog. Respir. Res. 9: 157–1643, 1975.
 210. Knapp, E., and R. Gureiner. Reduction of pulmonary hypertension by nitroprusside. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 15: 75–80, 1977.
 211. Knoblauch, A., A. Sybert, N. J. Brennan, J. T. Sylvester, and G. H. Gurtner. Effect of hypoxia and CO on a cytochrome P‐450‐mediated reaction in rabbit lungs. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 1635–1642, 1981.
 212. Knudson, R. J., and H. P. Constantine. An effect of isoproterenol on ventilation–perfusion in asthmatic versus normal subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 402–406, 1967.
 213. Kotter, D., A. Hich, H. Stotz, and J. Piiper. Single breath CO diffusing capacity in anesthetized dogs with increased oxygen consumption. Respir. Physiol. 6: 202–208, 1969.
 214. Kuhn, L. A., and J. K. Turner. Alterations in pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistance to immersion hypothermia. Circ. Res. 7: 366–374, 1959.
 215. Kung, M., M. E. Reinhart, and A. Wanner. Pulmonary hemodynamic effects of lung inflation and graded hypoxia in conscious sheep. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 949–956, 1978.
 216. Kuramoto, K., and S. Rodbard. Effect of blood flow and left atrial pressure on pulmonary venous resistance. Circ. Res. 11: 240–246, 1962.
 217. Kuriyama, T., L. P. Latham, L. D. Horwitz, and W. W. Wagner, Jr. Collateral ventilation is important in regulating ventilation perfusion balance (Abstract). Federation Proc. 40: 591, 1981.
 218. Kuriyama, T., and W. W. Wagner, Jr. Collateral ventilation may protect against high‐altitude pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 1251–1256, 1981.
 219. Lackeman, B. M., and A. G. Herman. Indomethacin increases the production of SRS‐A by the ileum from sensitized guinea pigs. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 242: 307–309, 1979.
 220. Lai‐Fook, S. J. A continuum mechanics analysis of pulmonary vascular interdependence in isolated dog lobes. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 419–429, 1979.
 221. Laks, M. M., C. E. Juratsch, D. Garner, J. Beazell, and J. M. Criley. Acute pulmonary hypertension produced by distention of the main pulmonary artery in the conscious dog. Chest 68: 807–813, 1975.
 222. Lauweryns, J. M., and M. Cokelaere. Hypoxia‐sensitive neuroepithelial bodies: intrapulmonary secretory neuroreceptors modulated by the CNS. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 145: 521–540, 1973.
 223. Lee, G. de J. Blood flow in the lungs. In: Modern Trends in Cardiology, edited by A. M. Jones. London: Butterworths, 1969, vol. 2.
 224. Lee, G. de J. Regulation of the pulmonary circulation. Br. Heart J. 33: 15–26, 1971.
 225. Lee, G. de J., and A. B. DuBois. Pulmonary capillary blood flow in man. J. Clin. Invest. 34: 1380–1390, 1955.
 226. Leffler, C. W., and J. R. Hessler. Perinatal pulmonary prostaglandin production. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 10): H756–H759, 1981.
 227. Leffler, C. W., J. R. Hessler, and N. A. Terragno. Ventilation‐induced release of prostaglandinlike material from fetal lungs. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 7): H282–H286, 1980.
 228. Lenfant, C., and K. Sullivan. Adaptation to high altitude. N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 1298–1308, 1971.
 229. Levasseur, J. E., H. A. Kontos, D. W. Richardson, and J. L. Patterson, Jr. Circulatory affects of prolonged hypoxia before and during antihistamine. J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 549–558, 1976.
 230. Levitzky, M. G., J. C. Newell, J. A. Krasney, and R. E. Dutton. Chemoreceptor influence on pulmonary blood flow during unilateral hypoxia in dogs. Respir. Physiol. 31: 345–356, 1977.
 231. Liebig, R., W. Bernauer, and B. A. Peskar. Release of prostaglandins, a prostaglandin metabolite, slow‐reacting substance and histamine from anaphylactic lungs, and its modification by catecholamines. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 284: 279–293, 1974.
 232. Liebow, A. A. Discussion. In: Normal and Abnormal Pulmonary Circulation, edited by R. F. Grover. New York: Karger, 1963, p. 291.
 233. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Effect of alveolar hypoxia on pulmonary vascular resistance. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 1086–1094, 1964.
 234. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Pulmonary vasoconstriction during histotoxic hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 488–490, 1965.
 235. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Influence of blood pH on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 358–364, 1966.
 236. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Role of nerve pathways in the hypoxic vasoconstriction of lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 1351–1355, 1966.
 237. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. PO2‐dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by procaine. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 1439–1442, 1966.
 238. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: role of perivascular tissue. J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 560–565, 1968.
 239. Lloyd, T. C., Jr. Responses to hypoxia of pulmonary arterial strips in nonaqueous baths. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 566–569, 1970.
 240. Lockhart, A., and B. Saiag. Altitude and the human pulmonary circulation. Clin. Sci. 60: 599–605, 1981.
 241. Lockhart, A., M. Zelter, J. Mensch‐Dechene, G. Antezana, M. Paz‐Zamora, E. Vargas, and J. Coudert. Pressure‐flow‐volume relationships in pulmonary circulation of normal highlanders. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 449–456, 1976.
 242. Lopez‐Muniz, R., N. L. Stephens, B. Bromberger‐Barnea, S. Permutt, and R. L. Riley. Critical closure of pulmonary vessels analyzed in terms of a Starling resistor model. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 625–635, 1968.
 243. Macklin, C. C. Evidences of increases in the capacity of the pulmonary arteries and veins of dogs, cats, and rabbits during inflation of the freshly excised lung. Rev. Can. Biol. 5: 199–232, 1946.
 244. Malik, A. B., and B. S. Kidd. Adrenergic blockade and the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. Respir. Physiol. 19: 96–106, 1973.
 245. Malik, A. B., and B. S. Kidd. Pulmonary arterial wedge and left atrial pressures and the site of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Respiration 33: 123–132, 1976.
 246. Maloney, J. R., and B. L. Castle. Dynamic intravascular pressures in the microvessels of the frog lung. Respir. Physiol. 10: 51–63, 1970.
 247. Marshall, B. E., and C. Marshall. Continuity of response to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 49: 189–196, 1980.
 248. Marshall, B. E., C. Marshall, J. Benumof, and L. J. Saidman. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs: effects of lung segment size and oxygen tension. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 1543–1551, 1981.
 249. Marshall, R. Pharmacological and pathological responses of the human pulmonary circulation to drugs. Pharmacol. Ther. 2: 289–312, 1976.
 250. Martin, L. F., A. Tucker, M. L. Munroe, and J. T. Reeves. Lung mast cells and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in cats. Respiration 35: 73–77, 1978.
 251. McLean, J. R., R. W. Williams, and B. M. Twarog. Adrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the rat lung. J. Gen. Physiol. 78: 23A, 1981.
 252. McMurtry, I. F. Vasoactive agents other than angiotensin enable hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs perfused with salt‐albumin solution (Abstract). Federation Proc. 41: 1686, 1982.
 253. McMurtry, I. F., A. B. Davidson, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by calcium antagonists in isolated rat lungs. Circ. Res. 38: 99–194, 1976.
 254. McMurtry, I. F., D. W. Dickey, J. F. Souhrada, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Vascular effects of compound 48/80 in isolated lungs and pulmonary arteries. Artery 3: 1–12, 1977.
 255. McMurtry, I. F., C. H. Frith, and D. H. Will. Cardiopulmonary responses of male and female swine to simulated high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 35: 459–462, 1973.
 256. McMurtry, I. F., B. W. Hookway, and S. D. Roos. Red blood cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular reactivity to hypoxia in isolated rat lungs. Chest 71: 253S–256S, 1977.
 257. McMurtry, I. F., B. W. Hookway, and S. D. Roos. Red blood cells but not platelets prolong vascular reactivity of isolated rat lungs. Am. J. Physiol. 234 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 3): H186–H191, 1978.
 258. McMurtry, I. F., K. G. Morris, and M. D. Petrun. Blunted hypoxic vasoconstriction in lungs from short‐term high‐altitude rats. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 7): H849–H857, 1978.
 259. McMurtry, I. F., J. T. Reeves, D. H. Will, and R. F. Grover. Hemodynamics and ventilatory effects of skin‐cooling in cattle. Experientia 31: 1303–1304, 1975.
 260. Miller, J. The Body in Question. New York: Random House, 1978.
 261. Miller, M. A., and C. A. Hales. Blockade of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction by metapyrone: role of cytochrome P‐450 as sensor of hypoxia (Abstract). Federation Proc. 37: 292, 1978.
 262. Mills, E., and F.F. Jöbsis. Mitochondrial respiratory chain of carotid body and chemoreceptor response to changes in oxygen tension. J. Neurophysiol. 35: 405–428, 1972.
 263. Milnor, W. R. Pulmonary hemodynamics. In: Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics, edited by D. H. Bergel. New York: Academic, 1972, vol. 2, p. 299–340.
 264. Mlczoch, J., E. K. Weir, R. F. Grover, and J. T. Reeves. Pulmonary vascular effects of endotoxin in leukopenic dogs. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 118: 1097–1099, 1978.
 265. Mlczoch, J., E. K. Weir, and R. F. Grover. Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by dipyridamole is not platelet mediated. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53: 448–451, 1977.
 266. Moncada, S., and J. R. Vane. Prostacyclin (PGI2), the vascular wall and vasodilation. Mechanisms of vasodilation (Satellite symp.). Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci., 27th, Paris, 1977. Basel: Karger, 1978, p. 107–121.
 267. Moore, L. G., I. F. McMurtry, and J. T. Reeves. Effects of sex hormones on cardiovascular and hematologic responses to chronic hypoxia in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 158: 658–662, 1978.
 268. Morgan, B. C., S. C. Church, and W. G. Guntheroth. Hypoxic constriction of pulmonary artery and vein in intact dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 356–361, 1968.
 269. Morkin, E., O. R. Levine, and A. P. Fishman. Pulmonary capillary flow pulse and the site of pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. Circ. Res. 15: 146–160, 1964.
 270. Mullane, K. M., G. S. Dusting, J. A. Salmon, S. Moncada, and J. R. Vane. Biotransformation and cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid in the dog. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 54: 217–218, 1979.
 271. Mungall, I. P. F. Hypoxia and lung mast cells: influence of disodium cromoglycate. Thorax 31: 94–100, 1976.
 272. Mungall, I. P. F., and C. R. Barer. Lung vessels and mast cells in chronically hypoxic rats. Prog. Respir. Res. 9: 144–150, 1975.
 273. Murao, M., S. Onodera, T. Homma, N. Katoaka, T. Takabori, Y. Marutani, T. Koboyashi, and M. Makino. Effects of occlusion and further distention of unilateral pulmonary artery with an inflatable balloon upon systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics. Jpn. Heart J. 10: 59–69, 1969.
 274. Murphy, R. C., S. Hammarstrom, and B. Samuelsson. Leucotriene C: a slow‐reacting substance from murine mastocytoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4275–4279, 1979.
 275. Muus, P., P. Ridgeway, J. S. Douglas, and A. Bouhuys. Histamine content of tracheal and lung tissue as a function of age in rats. Respir. Physiol. 21: 317–324, 1974.
 276. Needleman, P., S. Holmberg, and B. Mandelbaum. Ductus arteriosus closure may result from suppression of prostacyclin synthetase by an intrinsic hydroperoxy fatty acid. Prostaglandins 22: 675–682, 1981.
 277. Needleman, P., M. O. Whitaker, A. Wyche, K. Waiters, H. Sprecher, and A. Raz. Manipulation of platelet aggregation by prostaglandins and their fatty acid precursors: pharmacologic basis for a therapeutic approach. Prostaglandins 19: 165–181, 1980.
 278. Newman, J. H., I. F. McMurtry, and J. T. Reeves. Oxygen toxicity blunts hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs. Possible role of prostaglandins. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121: 383, 1980.
 279. Newman, J. H., J. F. Souhrada, J. T. Reeves, C. M. Arroyave, and R. F. Grover. Postnatal changes in response of canine neonatal pulmonary arteries to histamine. Am. J. Physiol. 237 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 6): H76–H82, 1979.
 280. Newman, J. H., N. F. Voelkel, C. M. Arroyave, and J. T. Reeves. Distribution of mast cells and histamine in canine pulmonary arteries. Respir. Physiol. 40: 191–198, 1980.
 281. Nilsen, K. A., and A. Hauge. Effects of temperature changes on the pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia in isolated rat lungs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 73: 111–120, 1968.
 282. Nisam, M. R., A. Zbinden, S. Chesrown, D. Barnett, and W. M. Gold. Distribution and pharmacological release of histamine in canine lung in vivo. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 44: 455–463, 1978.
 283. Nisell, O. I. The action of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the bronchioles and vessels of the isolated perfused lungs. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 73: 7–62, 1950.
 284. Norberg, K., and B. K. Siesjö. Cerebral metabolism in hypoxic hypoxia. I. Pattern of activation of glycolysis: a reevaluation. Brain Res. 86: 31–44, 1975.
 285. Okubo, T., and J. Piiper. Intrapulmonary gas mixing in excised dog lung lobes studied by simultaneous washout of two inert gases. Respir. Physiol. 21: 223–239, 1974.
 286. Orange, R. P., and K. F. Austen. Slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Adv. Immunol. 10: 105–144, 1969.
 287. Orr, T. S. C. Mast cells and allergic asthma. Br. J. Dis. Chest 67: 87–106, 1973.
 288. Osorio, J., and M. Russek. Reflex changes on the pulmonary and systemic pressure elicited by stimulation of baroreceptors in the pulmonary artery. Circ. Res. 10: 664–667, 1962.
 289. Owen‐Thomas, J. B., and J. T. Reeves. Hypoxia and pulmonary arterial pressure in the rabbit. J. Physiol. London 201: 665–672, 1969.
 290. Pace, J. B. Pulmonary vascular response to sodium nitroprus‐side in anesthetized dogs. Anesth. Analg. Cleveland 57: 551–557, 1978.
 291. Pace‐Asciak, C. R., and G. Rangaraj. Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the lamb ductus arteriosus, aorta, and pulmonary artery. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 529: 13–20, 1978.
 292. Pang, L. M., H. M. O'Brodovich, R. B. Mellins, and S. A. Stalcup. Bradykinin‐induced increase in pulmonary vascular permeability in hypoxic sheep. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 52: 370–375, 1982.
 293. Parker, B. M., B. W. Steiger, and M. J. Friedenberg. Serotonin‐induced pulmonary venous spasm demonstrated by selective phlebography. Am. Heart J. 69: 521–528, 1965.
 294. Paul, R. J., and J. C. Ruegg. Biochemistry of vascular smooth muscle: energy metabolism and proteins of the contractile apparatus. In: Microcirculation, edited by G. Kaley and B. M. Altura. Baltimore, MD: University Park, 1978, vol. II, chapt. 2, p. 41–81.
 295. Peake, M. D., A. L. Harabin, N. J. Brennan, and J. T. Sylvester. Steady‐state vascular responses to graded hypoxia in isolated lungs of five species. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 51: 1214–1219, 1981.
 296. Pennington, D. G., A. L. Hyman, and W. C. Woolverton. Pulmonary vascular responses to selective lung cooling in intact dogs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 137: 1375–1380, 1971.
 297. Pérez‐Díaz, J., A. Martín‐Requero, M. S. Ayuso‐Parrilla, and R. Parrilla. Metabolic features of isolated rat lung cells. I. Factors controlling glucose utilization. Am. J. Physiol. 232 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 1): E394–E400, 1977.
 298. Permutt, S. Effect of interstitial pressure of the lung on the pulmonary circulation. Med. Thorac. 22: 118–131, 1965.
 299. Permutt, S., and R. L. Riley. Hemodynamics of collapsible vessels with tone: the vascular waterfall. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 924–932, 1963.
 300. Piiper, J. Apparent increase of O2 diffusing capacity with increased O2 uptake in homogeneous lungs: theory. Respir. Physiol. 6: 209–218, 1969.
 301. Piiper, J., A. Huch, D. Kotter, and R. Herbst. Pulmonary diffusing capacity at basal and increased O2 uptake levels in anesthetized dogs. Respir. Physiol. 6: 219–232, 1969.
 302. Pirlo, A. F., J. L. Benumof, and F. R. Trousdale. Atelectatic lobe blood flow: open vs. closed chest, positive pressure vs. spontaneous ventilation. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 50: 1022–1026, 1981.
 303. Pittman, R. N. Influence of oxygen lack on vascular smooth muscle contraction. In: Vasodilation, edited by P. M. Vanhoutte and I. Lensen. New York: Raven, 1981, p. 181–191.
 304. Porcelli, R. J., W. A. Mahoney, S. McGillicuddy, and N. V. Cutaia. Pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction in vivo and in vitro (Abstract). Federation Proc. 41: 1687, 1982.
 305. Porcelli, R. J., A. T. Viau, N. E. Naftchi, and E. H. Bergofsky. β‐Receptor influence on lung vasoconstrictor responses to hypoxia and humoral agents. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43: 612–616, 1977.
 306. Quebbeman, E. J., and C. A. Dawson. Influence of inflation and atelectasis on the hypoxic pressor response in an isolated dog lung lobe. Cardiovasc. Res. 10: 672–678, 1976.
 307. Quebbeman, E. J., and C. A. Dawson. Effect of lung inflation and hypoxia on pulmonary arterial blood volume. J. Appl. Physiol: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43: 8–13, 1977.
 308. Quiroz, A. C., G. Sanchez, T. D. Giles, and G. E. Burch. Angiographic demonstration of pulmonary venomotor reactions in the intact dog. Angiology 21: 724–727, 1970.
 309. Rasmussen, H., and D. B. P. Goodman. Relationships between calcium and cyclic nucleotides in cell activation. Physiol. Rev. 57: 421–509, 1977.
 310. Reeves, J. T., F. S. Daoud, and M. Estridge. Pulmonary hypertension caused by minute amounts of endotoxin in calves. J. Appl. Physiol. 33: 739–743, 1972.
 311. Reeves, J. T., and R. F. Grover. Blockade of acute hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by endotoxin. J. Appl. Physiol. 36: 328–332, 1974.
 312. Reeves, J. T., and R. F. Grover. High‐altitude pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Prog. Cardiol. 4: 99–118, 1975.
 313. Reeves, J. T., E. B. Grover, and R. F. Grover. Pulmonary circulation and oxygen transport in lambs at high altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 560–566, 1963.
 314. Reeves, J. T., and J. E. Leathers. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the calf with denervation of the lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 976–980, 1964.
 315. Reeves, J. T., J. E. Leathers, B. Eisman, and F. C. Spencer. Alveolar hypoxia vs. arterial hypoxemia in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Med. Thorac. 19: 561–572, 1962.
 316. Reeves, J. T., D. Tweeddale, J. Noonan, J. E. Leathers, and M. B. Quigley. Correlations of microradiograhic and histological findings in the pulmonary vascular bed. Circulation 34: 971–983, 1966.
 317. Reeves, J. T., W. W. Wagner, Jr., I. F. McMurtry, and R. F. Grover. Physiological effects of high altitude on the pulmonary circulation. Int. Rev. Physiol. 20: 289–310, 1979.
 318. Remmers, J. E., and J. C. Mithoefer. The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in permanent residents at high altitudes. Respir. Physiol. 6: 233–244, 1969.
 319. Reyes, A., M. K. Sykes, M. K. Chakrabarti, B. Carruthers, and A. Petrie. Effect of orciprenaline on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. Respiration 38: 185–193, 1979.
 320. Rhoades, R. A., M. E. Shaw, and M. L. Eskew. Influence of altered O2 tension on substrate metabolism in perfused rat lung. Am. J. Physiol. 229: 1476–1479, 1975.
 321. Rhodin, J. A. G. Microscopic anatomy of the pulmonary vascular bed in the cat lung. Microvasc. Res. 15: 169–193, 1978.
 322. Riley, J. F. The Mast Cells. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1959.
 323. Rivera‐Estrada, C., P. W. Saltzman, P. W. Singer, and L. N. Katz. Action of hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature. Circ. Res. 6: 10–14, 1958.
 324. Ross, J. C., R. Frayser, and J. B. Hickam. A study of the mechanism by which exercise increases the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. J. Clin. Invest. 38: 916–932, 1959.
 325. Ross, J. C., R. W. Reinhart, J. F. Boxell, and L. H. King, Jr. Relationship of increased breath‐holding diffusing capacity to ventilation in exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 794–797, 1963.
 326. Rossier, P. H. The functional aspect of pulmonary hypertension. In: Problems of Pulmonary Circulation, edited by A. V. S. de Reuck and M. O'Connor. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1961, p. 33–40.
 327. Roughton, F. J. W. The average time spent by the blood in the human lung capillary and its relation to the rates of CO uptake and elimination in man. Am. J. Physiol. 143: 621–633, 1945.
 328. Rounds, S., and I. F. McMurtry. Inhibitors of oxidative ATP production cause transient vasoconstriction and block subsequent pressor responses in rat lungs. Circ. Res. 48: 393–400, 1981.
 329. Rounds, S. I. S., I. F. McMurtry, and J. T. Reeves. Glucose metabolism accelerates the decline of hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated rat lungs. Respir. Physiol. 44: 239–249, 1981.
 330. Rubin, L. J., and J. D. Lazar. Influence of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on pulmonary vasodilatory effects of hydralazine in dogs with hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 193–200, 1981.
 331. Rubin, R. P. The role of calcium in the release of neurotransmitter substances and hormones. Pharmacol. Rev. 22: 389–428, 1970.
 332. Rudolph, A. M. Pulmonary venomotor activity. Med. Thorac. 19: 184–190, 1962.
 333. Rudolph, A. M., and S. Yuan. Response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia and H+ ion concentration changes. J. Clin. Invest. 45: 399–411, 1966.
 334. Ruiz, A. V., G. E. Bisgard, and J. A. Will. Hemodynamic responses to hypoxia and hyperoxia in calves at sea level and altitude. Pfluegers Arch. 344: 275–286, 1973.
 335. Ryan, J. W., and U. S. Ryan. Pulmonary endothelial cells. Federation Proc. 36: 2683–2691, 1977.
 336. Ryan, U. S., and J. W. Ryan. Correlations between the fine structure of the alveolar‐capillary units and its metabolic activities. In: Metabolic Functions of the Lung. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, edited by Y. S. Bakhle and J. R. Vane. New York: Dekker, 1977, vol. 4, p. 197–232.
 337. Ryan, U. S., J. W. Ryan, C. Whitaker, and A. Chiu. Localization of angiotensin converging enzyme (Kinase II). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Tissue Cell 8: 125–245, 1976.
 338. Sackner, M. A., D. H. Will, and A. B. Dubois. The site of pulmonary vasomotor activity during hypoxia or serotonin administration. J. Clin. Invest. 45: 112–120, 1966.
 339. Said, S. I. Current Concepts. Metabolic and Endocrine Functions of the Lung. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn, 1979.
 340. Said, S. I., V. Mutt, and E. G. Erdos. The lung in relation to vasoactive polypeptides. In: Metabolic Activities of the Lung, edited by R. Porter and J. Whelan. New York: Excerpta Med., 1980, p. 217–237.
 341. Samuelson, B., P. Borgeat, S. Hammarstrom, and R. C. Murphy. Introduction of a nomenclature: leukotrienes. Prostaglandins 17: 785–787, 1979.
 342. Scalon, T. S., III, J. L. Benumof, E. A. Wahrenbrock, and W. L. Nelson. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the ratio of hypoxic lung to perfused normoxic lung. Anesthesiology 49: 177–181, 1978.
 343. Seeger, W., H. Wolf, G. Stahler, H. Neuhof, and L. Roka. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance and permeability due to arachidonate metabolism in isolated rabbit lungs. Prostaglandins 23: 157–173, 1982.
 344. Severinghaus, J. W. Pulmonary vascular function. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115: 149–158, 1977.
 345. Shaw, J. W. Pulmonary vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions of histamine (Abstract). J. Physiol. London 215: 34P–35P, 1971.
 346. Shepard, R. H., E. Varnauskas, H. B. Martin, H. A. White, S. Permutt, J. E. Cotes, and R. L. Riley. Relationship between cardiac output and apparent diffusing capacity of the lung in normal men during treadmill exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 13: 205–210, 1958.
 347. Sikand, R. S., H. Magnussen, P. Scheid, and J. Piiper. Convective and diffusive gas mixing in human lungs: experiments and model analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 362–371, 1976.
 348. Silove, E. D., and R. F. Grover. Effects of alpha‐adrenergic blockade and tissue catecholamine depletion on pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 47: 274–285, 1968.
 349. Silove, E. D., T. Inoue, and R. F. Grover. Comparison of hypoxia, pH, and sympathomimetic drugs on bovine pulmonary vasculature. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 355–365, 1968.
 350. Silove, E. D., and A. J. Simcha. Histamine‐induced pulmonary vasodilatation in the calf: relationship to hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 35: 830–836, 1973.
 351. Smedegard, G., P. Hedqvist, S. E. Dahlen, B. Revenas, S. Hammarstrom, and B. Samuelsson. Leukotriene C4 affects pulmonary and cardiovascular dynamics in monkey. Nature London 295: 327–329, 1982.
 352. Sobin, S. S., Y. C. Fung, H. M. Tremer, and T. H. Rosenquist. Elasticity of the pulmonary alveolar microvascular sheet in the cat. Circ. Res. 30: 440–450, 1972.
 353. Sobol, B. J., G. Bottex, C. Emirgil, and H. Gissen. Gaseous diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary vessels of considerable size. Circ. Res. 13: 71–79, 1963.
 354. Somlyo, A. P., and A. V. Somlyo. Vascular smooth muscle. I. Normal structure, pathology, biochemistry, and biophysics. Pharmacol. Rev. 20: 197–271, 1968.
 355. Spannhake, E. W., A. L. Theman, and P. J. Kadowitz. Dissimilar in vivo effects of arachidonic acid on the canine pulmonary vascular bed and airways. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 7: 937–941, 1980.
 356. Sparks, H. V., Jr. Effect of local metabolic factors on vascular smooth muscle. In: Handbook of Physiology. Cardiovascular System. Vascular Smooth Muscle, edited by D. F. Bohr, A. P. Somlyo, and H. V. Sparks, Jr. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1980, sect. 2, vol. II, chapt. 17, p. 475–513.
 357. Stalcup, S. A., J. S. Lipset, P. M. Legant, P. J. Leuenberger, and R. B. Mellins. Inhibition of converting enzyme activity by acute hypoxia in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 46: 227–234, 1979.
 358. Stalcup, S. A., J. S. Lipset, J. M. Woan, P. Leuenberger, and R. B. Mellins. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity in cultured endothelial cells by hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 63: 966–976, 1979.
 359. Stanbrook, H., and I. McMurtry. Inhibitors of glycolysis potentiate the hypoxic pressor response in isolated rat lungs (Abstract). Federation Proc. 40: 504, 1981.
 360. Stark, R. D., R. C. Joshi, and J. M. Bishop. Failure of an antagonist of histamine‐chlorphenimine to modify the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in chronic bronchitis. Cardiovasc. Res. 11: 219–222, 1977.
 361. Staub, N. C. Gas exchange vessels in the cat lung (Abstract). Federation Proc. 20: 107, 1961.
 362. Staub, N. C. Respiration. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 31: 173–202, 1969.
 363. Staub, N. C. Pulmonary edema. Physiol. Rev. 54: 678–811, 1979.
 364. Staub, N. C., J. M. Bishop, and R. E. Forster. Importance of diffusion and chemical reaction rates in O2 uptake in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 21–27, 1962.
 365. Stern, S., and K. Braun. Effect of chemoreceptor stimulation on the pulmonary veins. Am. J. Physiol. 210: 535–539, 1966.
 366. Stern, S., and K. Braun. Pulmonary arterial and venous response to cooling: role of alpha‐adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 219: 982–985, 1970.
 367. Su, C. and J. A. Bevan. Pharmacology of pulmonary blood vessels. Pharmacol. Ther. 2: 275–288, 1976.
 368. Suggett, A. J., F. H. Mohammed, and G. R. Barer. Angiotensin, hypoxia, verapamil and pulmonary vessels. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 7: 263–274, 1980.
 369. Suggett, A. J., F. H. Mohammed, G. R. Barer, C. Twelves, and D. Bee. Quantitative significance of hypoxic vasoconstriction in the ferret lung. Respir. Physiol. 46: 89–104, 1981.
 370. Sugihara, T., C. J. Martin, and J. Hildebrandt. Lengthtension properties of the alveolar wall in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 30: 874–878, 1971.
 371. Susmano, A., and R. A. Carleton. Prevention of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by chlorpheniramine. J. Appl. Physiol. 31: 531–535, 1971.
 372. Sylvester, J. T., A. L. Harabin, M. D. Peake, and R. S. Frank. Vasodilator and constrictor responses to hypoxia in isolated pig lungs. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 49: 820–825, 1980.
 373. Sylvester, J. T., and C. McGowan. The effects of agents that bind to cytochrome P‐450 on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circ. Res. 43: 429–437, 1978.
 374. Szidon, J. P., N. Bairey, and S. Opanil. Effect of acute hypoxia on the pulmonary conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in dogs. Circ. Res. 46: 221–226, 1980.
 375. Szidon, J. P., and A. P. Fishman. Autonomic control of the pulmonary circulation. In: The Pulmonary Circulation and Interstitial Space, edited by A. P. Fishman and H. H. Hecht. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969, p. 239–268.
 376. Tai, E., and J. Read. Response of blood gas tensions to aminophylline and isoprenaline in patients with asthma. Thorax 22: 543–549, 1967.
 377. Thews, G. Die Theoretischen Grundlagen der Sauerstoffaufnahme in der Lunge. Ergeb. Physiol. Biol. Chem. Exp. Pharmakol. 53: 42–107, 1963.
 378. Thilenius, O. G., B. M. Candiolo, and J. L. Beug. Effect of adrenergic blockade on hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in awake dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 213: 990–998, 1967.
 379. Thompson, B., G. R. Barer, and J. W. Shaw. The action of histamine on pulmonary vessels of cats and rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 3: 399–414, 1976.
 380. Tucker, A. Pulmonary and systemic vascular responses to hypoxia after chemical sympathectomy. Cardiovasc. Res. 13: 469–476, 1979.
 381. Tucker, A. Pulmonary vascular actions of the antihistamine oxatomide during hypoxia. Agents Actions 10: 207–212, 1980.
 382. Tucker, A., I. F. McMurtry, J. T. Reeves, A. F. Alexander, D. H. Will, and R. F. Grover. Lung vascular smooth muscle as a determinant of pulmonary hypertension at high altitude. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 762–767, 1975.
 383. Tucker, A., I. F. McMurtry, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Attenuation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by verapamil in intact dogs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 151: 611–614, 1974.
 384. Tucker, A., E. K. Weir, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Failure of histamine antagonists to prevent hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 40: 496–500, 1976.
 385. Vaage, J., L. Bjertnaes, and A. Hauge. The pulmonary vasoconstriction response to hypoxia: effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95: 95–101, 1975.
 386. Vane, J. R., and J. C. McGiff. Possible contribution of endogenous prostaglandins to the control of blood pressure. Circ. Res. 36–37, Suppl. 1: p. 68–75, 1975.
 387. Viles, P. H., and J. T. Shepherd. Relationship between pH, PO2, and Pco2 on the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. Am. J. Physiol. 215: 1170–1176, 1968.
 388. Viles, P. H., and J. T. Shepherd. Evidence for a dilator action of carbon dioxide on the pulmonary vessels of the cat. Circ. Res. 22: 325–332, 1968.
 389. Voelkel, N. F., J. G. Gerber, I. F. McMurtry, A. S. Nies, and J. T. Reeves. Release of dilator prostaglandins from rat lung during angiotensin II‐induced vasoconstriction. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res. 7: 957–960, 1980.
 390. Voelkel, N. F., J. G. Gerber, I. F. McMurtry, A. S. Nies, and J. T. Reeves. Release of vasodilator prostaglandin, PGI2, from isolated rat lung during vasoconstriction. Circ. Res. 48: 207–213, 1981.
 391. Voelkel, N. F., I. F. McMurtry, and J. T. Reeves. Hypoxia impairs vasodilation in the lung. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 238–246, 1981.
 392. Voelkel, N. F., K. G. Morris, I. F. McMurtry, and J. T. Reeves. Calcium augments hypoxic vasoconstriction in lungs from high‐altitude rats. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 49: 450–455, 1980.
 393. Vogel, J. H. K., and S. G. Blount, Jr. The role of hydrogen ion concentration in the regulation of pulmonary arterial pressure. Circulation 32: 788–796, 1965.
 394. Von Euler, U. S., and G. Liljestrand. Observations on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 12: 301–320, 1946.
 395. Wagenvoort, C. A., and N. Wagenvoort. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In: Pathology of Pulmonary Hypertension. New York: Wiley, 1977, 232–259.
 396. Wagner, P. D. Ventilation‐perfusion relationships. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 42: 235–247, 1980.
 397. Wagner, W. W., Jr., and L. P. Latham. Pulmonary capillary recruitment during airway hypoxia in the dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 900–905, 1975.
 398. Wagner, W. W., Jr., L. P. Latham, and R. L. Capen. Capillary recruitment during airway hypoxia: role of pulmonary artery pressure. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 47: 383–387, 1979.
 399. Walker, B. R., N. F. Voelkel, R. F. Grover, and J. T. Reeves. Effect of meclofenamate on pulmonary vascular tone in the conscious dog (Abstract). Federation Proc. 39: 706, 1980.
 400. Walker, B. R., N. F. Voelkel, I. F. McMurtry, and E. M. Adams. Evidence for diminished sensitivity of the hamster pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 52: 1571–1574, 1982.
 401. Wanner, A., S. Zarzecki, and M. A. Sackner. Effects of lung inflation on pulmonary arterial blood volume in intact dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 675–680, 1975.
 402. Weidman, W. H., J. L. Titus, and J. T. Shepherd. Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation of cats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118: 1158–1164, 1965.
 403. Weir, E. K. Hypothesis. I. Does normoxic pulmonary vasodilation rather than hypoxic vasoconstriction account for the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia? Lancet 1: 476–477, 1978.
 404. Weir, E. K., J. Mlczoch, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Endotoxin and the prevention of hypoxia pulmonary vasoconstriction. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 88: 975–983, 1976.
 405. Weir, E. K., J. Mlczoch, J. Seavy, J. Cohen, and R. F. Grover. Platelet antiserum inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 211–215, 1976.
 406. Weir, E. K., J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Prostaglandin E1 inhibits the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia and prostaglandin F2α. Prostaglandins 10: 623–631, 1975.
 407. West, J. B. Ventilation/Blood Flow and Gas Exchange. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1965.
 408. West, J. B. Ventilation‐perfusion relationships. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116: 919–943, 1977.
 409. West, J. B. Respiratory Physiology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1979.
 410. Weygandt, G. R., E. A. Kopman, and P. A. Ludbrook. Mechanism of nitroglycerine‐induced hypoxemia. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 6: 387–395, 1980.
 411. Wicks, T. C., J. C. Rose, M. Johnson, P. W. Ramwell, and P. A. Kot. Vascular responses to arachidonic acid in the perfused canine lung. Circ. Res. 38: 167–171, 1976.
 412. Will, D. H., J. L. Hicks, C. S. Card, and A. F. Alexander. Inherited susceptibility of cattle to high‐altitude pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 491–494, 1975.
 413. Will, D. H., J. L. Hicks, C. S. Card, J. T. Reeves, and A. F. Alexander. Correlation of acute with chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in cattle. J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 495–498, 1975.
 414. Will, D. H., J. F. Hornell, J. T. Reeves, and A. F. Alexander. Influence of altitude and age on pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 150: 564–567, 1975.
 415. Will, D. H., I. F. McMurtry, J. T. Reeves, and R. F. Grover. Cold‐induced pulmonary hypertension in cattle. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45: 469–473, 1978.
 416. Will, J. A., and G. E. Bisgard. Comparative hemodynamics of domestic animals at high altitude. Prog. Respir. Res. 9: 138–143, 1975.
 417. Williams, A., D. Heath, P. Harris, D. Williams, and P. Smith. Pulmonary mast cells in cattle and llamas at high altitude. J. Pathol. 134: 1–6, 1981.
 418. Wilson, D. F., M. Erecińska, C. Drown, and I. A. Silver. Effect of oxygen tension on cellular energetics. Am. J. Physiol. 233 (Cell Physiol. 2): C135–C140, 1977.
 419. Young, R. C., Jr., H. Nagano, T. R. Vaughan, Jr., and N. C. Staub. Pulmonary capillary blood volume in the dog: effects of 5‐hydroxytryptamine. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 264–268, 1963.

Related Articles:

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

Robert F. Grover, Wiltz W. Wagner, Ivan F. McMurtry, John T. Reeves. Pulmonary Circulation. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 8: Handbook of Physiology, The Cardiovascular System, Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow: 103-136. First published in print 1983. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp020304