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Glucose and Intermediary Metabolism of the Lungs

Donald F. Tierney, Stephen L. Young

10.1002/cphy.cp030106

Source: Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions

Originally published: 1985

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Major Pathways of Glucose Metabolism
1.1 Glycolysis
1.2 Cellular Respiration
2 Physiological Significance of Lung Carbohydrate Metabolism
3 Methods of Study of Lung Carbohydrate Metabolism
3.1 Isotopic Tracer Techniques
3.2 Compartmentation
3.3 Isolated Lung Mitochondria
4 Glucose Transport by Lung Tissue
5 Glucose Consumption by Lung Tissue
6 Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis
7 Regulation of Pulmonary Carbohydrate Metabolism
7.1 Hypoxia
7.2 Nutrition
7.3 Insulin and Diabetes
8 Major Products of Lung Glucose Metabolism
8.1 Lactate
8.2 Lactate Production In Vivo
8.3 Lactate Metabolism by Perfused Lung
8.4 Generation of Reducing Equivalents
8.5 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
9 Lung Energy Production
9.1 Substrates
9.2 Oxygen as Substrate
9.3 Nucleotide Pools
10 Pathophysiology and Toxicology
10.1 Oxidants and Carbohydrate Metabolism
10.2 Glucose Consumption During Pulmonary Edema
Figure 1.

NAD+, NADH, glycolysis, and lactate production. In cytoplasm, glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH. Reconversion uses either a shuttle mechanism through mitochondria or lactate production.
Figure 2.

Control of glycolysis. Parallel arrows, reaction rate is promoted; rectangles, reaction rate is slowed. G6P, glucose 6‐phosphate; F6P, fructose 6‐phosphate; FDP, fructose 1, 6‐diphosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr, pyruvate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Plentiful supply of ATP slows glycolysis at 2 steps indicated, whereas accumulation of ADP and AMP when ATP is consumed accelerates glycolysis; net result is a system highly responsive to changes of ATP concentration in cytoplasm.
Figure 3.

Pentose phosphate cycle. This cycle contributes NADPH to cytoplasm at steps indicated with production of a pentose (D‐ribulose 5‐phosphate); 6 molecules of the pentose can then reappear as 5 molecules of a hexose or in pools of various carbohydrates. In this cycle the 1st carbon atom is released as CO2; therefore [1‐14C]glucose loses its 14C and does not pass it to other carbohydrates as it progresses through the cycle. All other labeled carbon atoms in glucose reenter carbohydrate pool, however. D‐Ribulose 5‐phosphate may be utilized for nucleotide synthesis, but cycle activity is generally controlled by NADPH requirements.


Figure 1.

NAD+, NADH, glycolysis, and lactate production. In cytoplasm, glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH. Reconversion uses either a shuttle mechanism through mitochondria or lactate production.



Figure 2.

Control of glycolysis. Parallel arrows, reaction rate is promoted; rectangles, reaction rate is slowed. G6P, glucose 6‐phosphate; F6P, fructose 6‐phosphate; FDP, fructose 1, 6‐diphosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr, pyruvate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Plentiful supply of ATP slows glycolysis at 2 steps indicated, whereas accumulation of ADP and AMP when ATP is consumed accelerates glycolysis; net result is a system highly responsive to changes of ATP concentration in cytoplasm.



Figure 3.

Pentose phosphate cycle. This cycle contributes NADPH to cytoplasm at steps indicated with production of a pentose (D‐ribulose 5‐phosphate); 6 molecules of the pentose can then reappear as 5 molecules of a hexose or in pools of various carbohydrates. In this cycle the 1st carbon atom is released as CO2; therefore [1‐14C]glucose loses its 14C and does not pass it to other carbohydrates as it progresses through the cycle. All other labeled carbon atoms in glucose reenter carbohydrate pool, however. D‐Ribulose 5‐phosphate may be utilized for nucleotide synthesis, but cycle activity is generally controlled by NADPH requirements.

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Article Title: Glucose and Intermediary Metabolism of the Lungs
 

How to Cite

Donald F. Tierney, Stephen L. Young. Glucose and Intermediary Metabolism of the Lungs. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions: 255-275. First published in print 1985. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030106