Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Lipid Synthesis and Surfactant Turnover in the Lungs

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Lipid Composition of Lung Tissue
1.1 Parenchyma
1.2 Alveolar Type II Cells
1.3 Pulmonary Surfactant
2 Metabolic Pathways of Lipids in Lung Tissue
2.1 Phosphatidylcholine
2.2 Phosphatidylglycerol
2.3 Other Lipids in Surfactant
2.4 Enzymes of Lipid Synthesis
3 Regulation of Surfactant Metabolism
3.1 Regulation of Synthesis and Storage of Surfactant Components
3.2 Regulation of Secretion of Surfactant Components
3.3 Regulation of Clearance of Surfactant Components
3.4 Relationship Between Protein and Lipid Metabolism
4 Compartmental Analysis in Studies of Surfactant Turnover
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Type II alveolar epithelial cell fixed in situ by vascular perfusion. Prefixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacadylate, pH 7.4, followed by postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide. × 14,250. Inset: cytoplasmic region containing several lamellar bodies, × 26,400.

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Schema for isolation of pulmonary surfactant from alveolar lavage fluid. Extracellular fluid is recovered from lung by gently instilling 0.1 M NaCl containing 3 mM Ca2+ and Mg2+ buffered to pH 7.4 into tracheobronchial tree.

From King and Clements 110
Figure 3. Figure 3.

A: formation of tubular myelin lattice structure in fetal rats, 21 days gestational age. Particles are seen on membrane layers extending into regular lattice, × 81,000. B: small particles (arrow) present within many corners of lattice; however, structures connecting them to membranes are not resolved. × 138,000.

From Williams 210
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Major pathways used for phosphatidylcholine synthesis.

From King 109
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Proposed lung cell pathways for restructuring unsaturated phosphatidylcholines to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.

From King 109
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Proposed metabolic pathway used by type II cells to synthesize phosphatidylglycerol in pulmonary surfactant.

Figure 7. Figure 7.

Tracheal flux of surfactant and plasma corticoid levels in fetal lambs as functions of gestational age.

From Mescher et al. 141
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Specific activities of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (○) and apolipoprotein A (•) in alveolar epithelial type II cells from rat lung.

From King and Martin 116
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Specific activities of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (○) and apolipoprotein A (•) in surfactant purified from alveolar lavage fluid.

From King and Martin 116
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Labeling of 2 principal proteins in alveolar lavage fluid of rat pulmonary surfactant by radioactive leucine.

From King and Martin 116


Figure 1.

Type II alveolar epithelial cell fixed in situ by vascular perfusion. Prefixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacadylate, pH 7.4, followed by postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide. × 14,250. Inset: cytoplasmic region containing several lamellar bodies, × 26,400.



Figure 2.

Schema for isolation of pulmonary surfactant from alveolar lavage fluid. Extracellular fluid is recovered from lung by gently instilling 0.1 M NaCl containing 3 mM Ca2+ and Mg2+ buffered to pH 7.4 into tracheobronchial tree.

From King and Clements 110


Figure 3.

A: formation of tubular myelin lattice structure in fetal rats, 21 days gestational age. Particles are seen on membrane layers extending into regular lattice, × 81,000. B: small particles (arrow) present within many corners of lattice; however, structures connecting them to membranes are not resolved. × 138,000.

From Williams 210


Figure 4.

Major pathways used for phosphatidylcholine synthesis.

From King 109


Figure 5.

Proposed lung cell pathways for restructuring unsaturated phosphatidylcholines to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.

From King 109


Figure 6.

Proposed metabolic pathway used by type II cells to synthesize phosphatidylglycerol in pulmonary surfactant.



Figure 7.

Tracheal flux of surfactant and plasma corticoid levels in fetal lambs as functions of gestational age.

From Mescher et al. 141


Figure 8.

Specific activities of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (○) and apolipoprotein A (•) in alveolar epithelial type II cells from rat lung.

From King and Martin 116


Figure 9.

Specific activities of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (○) and apolipoprotein A (•) in surfactant purified from alveolar lavage fluid.

From King and Martin 116


Figure 10.

Labeling of 2 principal proteins in alveolar lavage fluid of rat pulmonary surfactant by radioactive leucine.

From King and Martin 116
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Richard J. King, John A. Clements. Lipid Synthesis and Surfactant Turnover in the Lungs. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 10: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions: 309-336. First published in print 1985. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030108