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Reflexes from Respiratory Muscles and Costovertebral Joints

Roger Shannon

10.1002/cphy.cp030213

Source: Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing

Originally published: 1986

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Reflexes from Thoracic Wall
1.1 Spinal Segmental and Intersegmental Effects of Intercostal Muscle Proprioceptors
1.2 Supraspinal Effects of Intercostal Muscle Proprioceptors on Respiratory Control
1.3 Intercostal Muscle Mechanoreceptors Other Than Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindle Endings
1.4 Cutaneous Reflex Effects on Respiratory Activity
1.5 Supraspinal Effects of Costovertebral Joint Mechanoreceptors on Respiratory Control
2 Reflexes from Abdominal Respiratory Muscles
2.1 Spinal Segmental and Intersegmental Effects of Abdominal Respiratory Muscle Proprioceptors
2.2 Supraspinal Effects of Abdominal Muscle Proprioceptors on Respiratory Control
3 Reflexes from Diaphragm
3.1 Spinal Segmental and Intersegmental Effects of Diaphragm Proprioceptors
3.2 Supraspinal Effects of Diaphragm Proprioceptors on Respiratory Control
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Effects of intercostal and abdominal muscle proprioceptor afferents on medullary inspiratory and pneumotaxic center neurons. eE, early expiratory; EIN, external intercostal nerve; DRG, dorsal respiratory group; I, inspiratory; IE, inspiratory‐expiratory; IIN, internal intercostal nerve; LINcb, cutaneous branch of lateral intercostal nerve; LINmb, muscle branch of lateral intercostal nerve; NA, nucleus ambiguus; NRA, nucleus retroambigualis; NTS, nucleus of tractus solitarius; VRG, ventral respiratory group. Dotted line, possible pathway; + and −, change in neuron firing rate after nerve stimulation.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Effects of intercostal and abdominal muscle proprioceptor afferents on ventral respiratory group E neurons. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Dotted line, possible connection between I and E neurons; + and −, change in firing rate after nerve stimulation.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Phrenic motoneuron response to stimulation of external intercostal nerve afferents. Top: phrenic efferent activity (PA). Bottom: superimposed traces of compound action potentials (CAP) from T6 dorsal root fibers while stimulating (S) T6 external intercostal nerve; recruitment of group I and II afferent fibers is shown. Stimulation of only group I fibers produces inhibition of PA; additional recruitment of group II fibers causes more pronounced inhibition.

From Shannon 97
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Response of dorsal and ventral respiratory group inspiratory (I) neurons and phrenic efferent activity (PA) to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. NRA, nucleus retroambigualis.

From Shannon and Freeman 99
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Response of expiratory (E) neurons of nucleus retroambigualis (NRA) to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. A: complete inhibition of phasic E neuron. B: multiple superimposed traces of E neuron during active phase showing transient inhibition. PA, phrenic efferent activity.

From Shannon and Freeman 99
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Response of pneumotaxic center inspiratory (I) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. PHR, phrenic efferent activity. Activity of phasic I neurons can be completely terminated (A). Continuously firing I neurons show reduction of inspiratory‐modulated activity (B) without alteration in tonic firing rate of most neurons (C).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Response of pneumotaxic center inspiratory‐expiratory (IE) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. PHR, phrenic efferent activity. Top: nerve stimulation during inspiration (left) and expiration (right). Bottom: left record is control cycle and right record is during intercostal nerve stimulation (INS).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Response of pneumotaxic center expiratory (E) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. A: tonic firing E neuron relative to phrenic efferent activity (PHR). B and C: two different neurons, left record is control cycle and right record is during intercostal nerve stimulation (INS).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Inhibitory effect of internal intercostal muscle contraction elicited by ventral root stimulation (VRS) on inspiratory (phrenic) activity. Stimulation occurred during ongoing phrenic activity. A: control. B: test (VRS) cycle. (D. C. Bolser, B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon, unpublished observations.)
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Reduction in dorsal respiratory group inspiratory (I) neuron and phrenic (PHR) motor activity with vibration of single intercostal space. Vibration applied to rib during ongoing inspiratory activity. (D. C. Bolser, B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon, unpublished observations.)
Figure 11. Figure 11.

Effects of rib vibration on respiratory pattern. Vibrator (300 Hz) applied to 7th rib between arrows. Intercostal electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from 6th interspace. BP, blood pressure.

From Remmers 80
Figure 12. Figure 12.

Sample polygraph tracings of 2 animals breathing room air, showing effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies on breathing pattern. dV/dt, airflow; Vt, spirogram; BP, arterial blood pressure. Top panel: intact (Int.) after thoracic dorsal roots section (DR−) and after secondary vagotomy (DR−X−). Bottom panel: intact (Int.) after vagotomy (X−) and after secondary dorsal root section (X−DR−). Bars, 1 s each.

From Gautier 54
Figure 13. Figure 13.

One type of response to chest compression in vagotomized dog. End‐tidal CO2 () above records represents average over a few breaths at points denoted. V, volume; V, airflow; BP, arterial blood pressure.

From Shannon 96
Figure 14. Figure 14.

Second type of response to chest compression in vagotomized dogs. A and B are records from 2 dogs. PHR, phrenic efferent activity; V, airflow; BP, blood pressure.

From Shannon 96
Figure 15. Figure 15.

Phrenic efferent activity changes during costovertebral joint movement, on, Joints moved; off, joints returned to resting position; INT PHR, integrated (moving average) phrenic activity; , end‐tidal CO2. A: manual manipulation of neurally isolated costovertebral joints had inhibitory effect on inspiratory activity (phrenic motor discharge) and prolonged expiratory time. B: respiratory rate could be paced by moving joints in synchrony with PHR.

From Shannon 98


Figure 1.

Effects of intercostal and abdominal muscle proprioceptor afferents on medullary inspiratory and pneumotaxic center neurons. eE, early expiratory; EIN, external intercostal nerve; DRG, dorsal respiratory group; I, inspiratory; IE, inspiratory‐expiratory; IIN, internal intercostal nerve; LINcb, cutaneous branch of lateral intercostal nerve; LINmb, muscle branch of lateral intercostal nerve; NA, nucleus ambiguus; NRA, nucleus retroambigualis; NTS, nucleus of tractus solitarius; VRG, ventral respiratory group. Dotted line, possible pathway; + and −, change in neuron firing rate after nerve stimulation.



Figure 2.

Effects of intercostal and abdominal muscle proprioceptor afferents on ventral respiratory group E neurons. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Dotted line, possible connection between I and E neurons; + and −, change in firing rate after nerve stimulation.



Figure 3.

Phrenic motoneuron response to stimulation of external intercostal nerve afferents. Top: phrenic efferent activity (PA). Bottom: superimposed traces of compound action potentials (CAP) from T6 dorsal root fibers while stimulating (S) T6 external intercostal nerve; recruitment of group I and II afferent fibers is shown. Stimulation of only group I fibers produces inhibition of PA; additional recruitment of group II fibers causes more pronounced inhibition.

From Shannon 97


Figure 4.

Response of dorsal and ventral respiratory group inspiratory (I) neurons and phrenic efferent activity (PA) to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. NRA, nucleus retroambigualis.

From Shannon and Freeman 99


Figure 5.

Response of expiratory (E) neurons of nucleus retroambigualis (NRA) to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. A: complete inhibition of phasic E neuron. B: multiple superimposed traces of E neuron during active phase showing transient inhibition. PA, phrenic efferent activity.

From Shannon and Freeman 99


Figure 6.

Response of pneumotaxic center inspiratory (I) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. PHR, phrenic efferent activity. Activity of phasic I neurons can be completely terminated (A). Continuously firing I neurons show reduction of inspiratory‐modulated activity (B) without alteration in tonic firing rate of most neurons (C).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101


Figure 7.

Response of pneumotaxic center inspiratory‐expiratory (IE) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. PHR, phrenic efferent activity. Top: nerve stimulation during inspiration (left) and expiration (right). Bottom: left record is control cycle and right record is during intercostal nerve stimulation (INS).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101


Figure 8.

Response of pneumotaxic center expiratory (E) neurons to stimulation (S) of intercostal and abdominal muscle afferents. A: tonic firing E neuron relative to phrenic efferent activity (PHR). B and C: two different neurons, left record is control cycle and right record is during intercostal nerve stimulation (INS).

From Shannon and Lindsey 101


Figure 9.

Inhibitory effect of internal intercostal muscle contraction elicited by ventral root stimulation (VRS) on inspiratory (phrenic) activity. Stimulation occurred during ongoing phrenic activity. A: control. B: test (VRS) cycle. (D. C. Bolser, B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon, unpublished observations.)



Figure 10.

Reduction in dorsal respiratory group inspiratory (I) neuron and phrenic (PHR) motor activity with vibration of single intercostal space. Vibration applied to rib during ongoing inspiratory activity. (D. C. Bolser, B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon, unpublished observations.)



Figure 11.

Effects of rib vibration on respiratory pattern. Vibrator (300 Hz) applied to 7th rib between arrows. Intercostal electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from 6th interspace. BP, blood pressure.

From Remmers 80


Figure 12.

Sample polygraph tracings of 2 animals breathing room air, showing effects of thoracic dorsal rhizotomies on breathing pattern. dV/dt, airflow; Vt, spirogram; BP, arterial blood pressure. Top panel: intact (Int.) after thoracic dorsal roots section (DR−) and after secondary vagotomy (DR−X−). Bottom panel: intact (Int.) after vagotomy (X−) and after secondary dorsal root section (X−DR−). Bars, 1 s each.

From Gautier 54


Figure 13.

One type of response to chest compression in vagotomized dog. End‐tidal CO2 () above records represents average over a few breaths at points denoted. V, volume; V, airflow; BP, arterial blood pressure.

From Shannon 96


Figure 14.

Second type of response to chest compression in vagotomized dogs. A and B are records from 2 dogs. PHR, phrenic efferent activity; V, airflow; BP, blood pressure.

From Shannon 96


Figure 15.

Phrenic efferent activity changes during costovertebral joint movement, on, Joints moved; off, joints returned to resting position; INT PHR, integrated (moving average) phrenic activity; , end‐tidal CO2. A: manual manipulation of neurally isolated costovertebral joints had inhibitory effect on inspiratory activity (phrenic motor discharge) and prolonged expiratory time. B: respiratory rate could be paced by moving joints in synchrony with PHR.

From Shannon 98
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Article Title: Reflexes from Respiratory Muscles and Costovertebral Joints
 

How to Cite

Roger Shannon. Reflexes from Respiratory Muscles and Costovertebral Joints. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 11: Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Control of Breathing: 431-447. First published in print 1986. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp030213