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Effect of Spaceflight on Lymphocyte Function and Immunity

Felix K. Gmünder, Augusto Cogoli

10.1002/cphy.cp040235

Source: Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Lymphocytes
2 Gravity and Radiation Effects on Lymphocytes
2.1 In Vitro Gravity Experiments
2.2 In Vitro Radiation Experiments
3 Neuroendocrine Control of Lymphocyte Function
4 Stress Models and Selected Aspects of Immune Function
4.1 Psychological Stress
4.2 Physical Exercise
4.3 Isolation in a Closed Environment
4.4 Head‐down Tilt (HDT) Bed Rest
5 Animal Models
6 Space Flight and Selected Aspects of the Immune Function
6.1 Stress‐related Hormones
6.2 Immunoglobulins
6.3 Lysozyme
6.4 Complement
6.5 White Blood Cell Counts
6.6 Lymphocyte Subpopulations
6.7 Natural Killer Cell Activity
6.8 Lymphocyte Function
7 Conclusions
8 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Summary of gravitational effects on the activation of Ficoll‐purified lymphocytes (black columns) and whole‐blood lymphocytes (hatched columns). The results are expressed as a percentage of the corresponding 1G control on Earth.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Results of the blood experiment on the D‐1 mission. The effect of spaceflight on lymphocyte responsiveness in 4 crew members (named A, B, C, and D) was examined in whole‐blood cultures. Measurements were made 9 and 2 days prior to the mission, on the 3rd day of the mission, immediately after landing, and 7 and 13 days following the mission. In‐flight measurements in subjects C and D were not possible. The flight samples were incubated at 0G and 1G in the static rack and the gravity‐simulating centrifuge, respectively.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Regulatory loop between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system, and the influence on bone resorption mechanisms.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Effect of a marathon run (42 km) and a 21 km run (the median of 8 and 16 test subjects is depicted, respectively) on lymphocyte responsiveness to con A expressed as the relative proliferation index (RPI). The blood draws 2 days prior to and after the run were made following a resting period of 30 min. The reference range of normal, healthy subjects as determined in our laboratory is 0.2 to 1.8 RPI.
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Top panel: Effect of HDT‐bed rest on the mitogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes, expressed as the relative proliferation index (RPI), and (bottom panel) on delayed‐type skin hypersensitivity (the mean score of healthy men in Europe is 20 mm). The median of six subjects is shown. HDT consisted of a presimulation period (10 days), followed by the HDT period lasting 10 days. The subjects were also monitored during recovery. The reference range as determined in our laboratory is 0.2–1.8 RPI. The blood draws were performed on the following days: S‐10, 10 days prior to the beginning of the HDT; S10, 10th day of HDT; R0, R6, and R155, 1, 7, and 156 days after the subjects finished HDT, respectively.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Interactions between various stressors, circadian rhythms, the bone system, and the immune system.


Figure 1.

Summary of gravitational effects on the activation of Ficoll‐purified lymphocytes (black columns) and whole‐blood lymphocytes (hatched columns). The results are expressed as a percentage of the corresponding 1G control on Earth.



Figure 2.

Results of the blood experiment on the D‐1 mission. The effect of spaceflight on lymphocyte responsiveness in 4 crew members (named A, B, C, and D) was examined in whole‐blood cultures. Measurements were made 9 and 2 days prior to the mission, on the 3rd day of the mission, immediately after landing, and 7 and 13 days following the mission. In‐flight measurements in subjects C and D were not possible. The flight samples were incubated at 0G and 1G in the static rack and the gravity‐simulating centrifuge, respectively.



Figure 3.

Regulatory loop between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system, and the influence on bone resorption mechanisms.



Figure 4.

Effect of a marathon run (42 km) and a 21 km run (the median of 8 and 16 test subjects is depicted, respectively) on lymphocyte responsiveness to con A expressed as the relative proliferation index (RPI). The blood draws 2 days prior to and after the run were made following a resting period of 30 min. The reference range of normal, healthy subjects as determined in our laboratory is 0.2 to 1.8 RPI.



Figure 5.

Top panel: Effect of HDT‐bed rest on the mitogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes, expressed as the relative proliferation index (RPI), and (bottom panel) on delayed‐type skin hypersensitivity (the mean score of healthy men in Europe is 20 mm). The median of six subjects is shown. HDT consisted of a presimulation period (10 days), followed by the HDT period lasting 10 days. The subjects were also monitored during recovery. The reference range as determined in our laboratory is 0.2–1.8 RPI. The blood draws were performed on the following days: S‐10, 10 days prior to the beginning of the HDT; S10, 10th day of HDT; R0, R6, and R155, 1, 7, and 156 days after the subjects finished HDT, respectively.



Figure 6.

Interactions between various stressors, circadian rhythms, the bone system, and the immune system.

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Article Title: Effect of Spaceflight on Lymphocyte Function and Immunity
 

How to Cite

Felix K. Gmünder, Augusto Cogoli. Effect of Spaceflight on Lymphocyte Function and Immunity. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology: 799-813. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp040235