Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Bombesin‐like Peptides

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Isolation and Characterization of Mammalian Bombesin‐Like Peptides
2 Ontogeny and Species Differences
2.1 Ontogeny
2.2 Species Differences and Nomenclature
3 Distribution and Location
3.1 Mammalian Gut
3.2 Mammalian Sympathetic Ganglia and Spinal Cord
3.3 Mammalian Brain
3.4 Mammalian Lung
3.5 Nonmammalian Gut and Brain
4 Biological Activities and Physiological Role
4.1 Gastrin Release and Gastric Secretion
4.2 Cholecystokinin Release and Pancreatic Secretion
4.3 Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Effects
4.4 Hormone‐Releasing Effects of Bombesin and Gastrin‐Releasing Peptide
4.5 Effects on Electrolyte Transport
4.6 Trophic and Mitogenic Effects
4.7 Other Central Nervous System Effects
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Stimulation of gastrin secretion by bombesin from vascularly perfused rat stomach.

From Duval et al. 47
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Concentration‐response curves for effect of bombesin‐14 (open circles) and 3 natural canine gastrin‐releasing peptides [GRP27 (open triangle), GRP23 (open square), and GRP10 (closed circle)] on frequency of spontaneously occurring contractions in canine antrum.

From Mayer et al. 129


Figure 1.

Stimulation of gastrin secretion by bombesin from vascularly perfused rat stomach.

From Duval et al. 47


Figure 2.

Concentration‐response curves for effect of bombesin‐14 (open circles) and 3 natural canine gastrin‐releasing peptides [GRP27 (open triangle), GRP23 (open square), and GRP10 (closed circle)] on frequency of spontaneously occurring contractions in canine antrum.

From Mayer et al. 129
References
 1. Al‐Saffar, A., Somatostatin inhibits bombesin‐induced effects of migrating myoelectric complexes in the small intestine of the rat. Regul. Pept. 9: 11–19, 1984.
 2. Al‐Saffar, A., P. M., Hellström, G. Nylander, and S. Rosell, Influence of fasting and bombesin‐induced myoelectric activity on the transit of small‐intestinal contents in the rat. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 19: 541–546, 1984.
 3. Anastasi, A., V., Erspamer, and M. Bucci, Isolation and structure of bombesin and alytesin, two analogous active peptides from the skin of the European amphibians Bombina and Alytes. Experientia Basel 27: 166–167, 1971.
 4. Anastasi, A., V., Erspamer, and M. Bucci, Isolation and amino acid sequences of alytesin and bombesin, two analogous active tetradecapeptides from the skin of European discoglossid frogs. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 148: 443–446, 1972.
 5. Angel, F., V. L., Go, and J. H. Szurszewski, Innervation of the muscularis mucosae of canine proximal colon. J. Physiol. Lond. 357: 93–108, 1984.
 6. Ayalon, A., R., Yazigi, J. C. Thompson, P. G. Devitt, P. L. Rayford, and J. C. Thompson, Direct effect of bombesin on isolated gastric mucosa. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 99: 1390–1397, 1981.
 7. Babu, G. N., and E. Vijayan, Plasma gonadotropin, prolactin levels and hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity following intraventricular bombesin and secretin in ovariectomized conscious rats. Brain Res. Bull. 11: 25–29, 1983.
 8. Barber, D. L., A. M. J., Buchan, J. H. Walsh, and A. H. Soll, Isolated canine ileal mucosal cells in short‐term culture: a model for study of neurotensin release. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 13): G374–G384, 1986.
 9. Barbezat, G. O., and P. G. Reasbeck, Effects of bombesin, calcitonin, and enkephalin on canine jejunal water and electrolyte transport. Dig. Dis. Sci. 28: 273–277, 1983.
 10. Basso, N., S., Giri, G. Improta, E. Lezoche, P. Melchiorri, M. Percoco, and V. Speranza, External pancreatic secretion after bombesin infusion in man. Gut 16: 994–998, 1975.
 11. Bellinger, L. L., and L. L. Bernardis, Suppression of feeding by cholecystokinin but not bombesin is attenuated in dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesioned rats. Peptides Fayetteville 5: 547–552, 1984.
 12. Bernardi, L., R., De Castiglione, O. Goffredo, and F. Angelucci, Synthesis of bombesin. Experientia Basel 27: 873–874, 1971.
 13. Bertaccini, G., V., Erspamer, P. Melchiorri, and N. Sopranzi, Gastrin release by bombesin in the dog. Br. J. Pharmacol. 52: 219–225, 1974.
 14. Bertaccini, G., M., Impicciatore, E. Molina, and L. Zappia, Action of bombesin on human gastrointestinal motility. Rend. Gastroenterol. 6: 45–51, 1974.
 15. Bloom, S. R., A. V., Edwards, and M. A. Ghatei, Endocrine responses to exogenous bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide in conscious calves. J. Physiol. Lond. 344: 37–48, 1983.
 16. Bloom, S. R., and J. M. Polak, Neuropeptides in the gut and other peripheral tissues. In: Brain Peptides: A New Endocrinology, edited by A. M. Gotto, Jr., E. J. Peck, Jr., and A. E. Boyd III. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North‐Holland, 1979, p. 103–117.
 17. Bommelaer, G., G., Rozental, C. Bernier, N. Vaysse, and A. Ribet, Action of secratagogues on amylase release from dog pancreatic acini. Digestion 21: 248–254, 1981.
 18. Brown, M., Neuropeptides: central nervous system effects on nutrient metabolism. Diabetologia 20: 299–304, 1981.
 19. Brown, M., R., Allen, J. Villarreal, J. Rivier, and W. Vale, Bombesin‐like activity: radioimmunologic assessment in biological tissues. Life Sci. 23: 2721–2728, 1978.
 20. Brown, M., W., Marki, and J. Rivier, Is gastrin releasing peptide mammalian bombesin? Life Sci. 27: 125–128, 1980.
 21. Brown, M., J., Rivier, and W. Vale, Bombesin: potent effects on thermoregulation in rats. Science Wash. DC 196: 998–1000, 1977.
 22. Brown, M. R., Bombesin, somatostatin, and related peptides: actions on thermoregulation. Federation Proc. 40: 2765–2768, 1981.
 23. Brown, M. R., Central nervous system sites of action of bombesin and somatostatin to influence plasma epinephrine levels. Brain Res. 276: 253–257, 1983.
 24. Brown, M. R., J., Rivier, and W. W. Vale, Bombesin affects the central nervous system to produce hyperglycemia in rats. Life Sci. 21: 1729–1734, 1977.
 25. Bruzzone, R., G., Tamburrano, A. Lala, M. Mauceri, B. Annibale, C. Severi, L. De Magistris, F. Leonetti, and G. Delle Fave, Effect of bombesin on plasma insulin, pancreatic glucagon, and gut glucagon in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56: 643–647, 1983.
 26. Bunnett, N. W., B., Clark, H. T. Debas, R. C. Delmilton, T. O. G. Kovacs, M. S. Orloff, T. N. Pappas, J. R. Reeve, JR., J. E. Rivier, and J. H. Walsh, Canine bombesin‐like gastrin releasing peptides stimulate gastrin release and acid secretion in the dog. J. Physiol. Lond. 365: 121–130, 1985.
 27. Cai, W., J., Gu, W. Huang, G. P. Mcgregor, M. A. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, and J. M. Polak, Peptide immunoreactive nerves and cells of the guinea pig gallbladder and biliary pathways. Gut 24: 1186–1193, 1983.
 28. Calderon, P., J., Furnelle, and J. Christophe, In vitro lipid metabolism in the rat pancreas. II. Effects of secretagogues on fatty acid metabolism, net lipolysis and ATP levels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 574: 391–403, 1979.
 29. Calderon, P., J., Furnelle, and J. Christophe, Phosphatidylinositol turnover and calcium movement in the rat pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G247–G254, 1980.
 30. Chang, E. B., D. R., Brown, N. S. Wang, and M. Field, Secretagogue‐induced changes in membrane calcium permeability in chicken and chinchilla ileal mucosa. Selective inhibition by loperamide. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 281–287, 1986.
 31. Chronwall, B. M., J. J., Pisano, J. F. Bishop, T. W. Moody, and T. L. O'Donohue, Biochemical and histochemical characterization of ranatensin immunoreactive peptides in rat brain: lack of coexistence with bombesin/GRP. Brain Res. 338: 97–113, 1985.
 32. Corazziari, E., G. Delle, Fave, C. Pozzessere, A. Kohn, L. De Magistris, F. Anzini, and A. Torsoli, Effect of bombesin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in humans. Gastroenterology 83: 10–14, 1982.
 33. Corazziari, E., A., Torsoli, G. F. Delle Fave, P. Melchiorri, and F. I. Habib, Effects of bombesin on the mechanical activity of the human duodenum and jejunum. Rend. Gastroenterol. 6: 55–59, 1974.
 34. Corazziari, E., A., Torsoli, P. Melchiorri, and G. F. Delle Fave, Effect of bombesin on human gallbladder emptying. Rend. Gastroenterol. 6: 52–54, 1974.
 35. Corps, A. N., L. H., Rees, and K. D. Brown, A peptide that inhibits the mitogenic stimulation of Swiss 3T3 cells by bombesin or vasopressin. Biochem. J. 231: 781–784, 1985.
 36. Costa, M., J. B., Furness, N. Yanaihara, C. Yanaihara, and T. W. Moody, Distribution and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for both gastrin‐releasing peptide and bombesin in the guinea‐pig small intestine. Cell Tissue Res. 235: 285–293, 1984.
 37. Cuttita, F., D. N., Carney, J. Mushine, T. W. Moody, J. Fedorko, A. Fischler, and J. D. Minna, Bombesin‐like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small‐cell lung cancer. Nature Lond. 316: 823–826, 1985.
 38. Dalsgaard, C. J., S. R., Vincent, M. Schultzberg, T. Hökfelt, L. G. Elfvin, L. Terenius, and G. J. Dockray, Capsaicin‐induced depletion of substance P‐like immunoreactivity in guinea pig sympathetic ganglia. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 9: 595–606, 1983.
 39. De Graef, J., and M. C. Woussen‐Colle, Effects of sham feeding, bethanechol and bombesin on somatostatin release in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G1–G7, 1985.
 40. De Magistris, L., G. Delle Fave, A. Kohn, and T. W. Schwartz, Differential stimulation of pancreatic‐polypeptide and gastrin secretion by bombesin in man. Life Sci. 28: 2617–2621, 1981.
 41. Delle Fave, G., A. Kohn, L. De Magistris, M. Mancuso, and C. Sparvoli, Effect of bombesin‐stimulated gastrin on gastric acid secretion in man. Life Sci. 27: 993–999, 1980.
 42. Deschodt‐Lanckman, M., P., Robberecht, P. De Neef, M. Lammens, and J. Christophe, In vitro action of bombesin and bombesin‐like peptides on amylase secretion, calcium efflux, and adenylate cyclase activity in the rat pancreas: a comparison with other secretagogues. J. Clin. Invest. 58: 891–898, 1976.
 43. Deutsch, J. A., and S. L. Parsons, Bombesin produces taste aversion in rats. Behav. Neural Biol. 31: 110–113, 1981.
 44. Dockray, G. J., C., Vaillant, and J. H. Walsh, The neuronal origin of bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Neuroscience 4: 1561–1568, 1979.
 45. Dubrasquet, M., C., Rozé, N. Ling, and H. Florencio, Inhibition of gastric and pancreatic secretions by cerebroventricular injections of gastrin‐releasing peptide and bombesin in rats. Regul. Pept. 3: 105–112, 1982.
 46. Duval, J. W., B., Saffouri, G. C. Weir, J. H. Walsh, A. Arimura, and G. M. Makhlouf, Stimulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion from the isolated rat stomach by bombesin. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G242–G247, 1981.
 47. Endean, R., V., Erspamer, G. F. Erspamer, G. Falconieri, G. Improta, P. Melchiorri, L. Negri, and N. Sopranzi, Parallel bioassay of bombesin and litorin, a bombesin‐like peptide from the skin of Litoria aurea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 55: 213–219, 1975.
 48. Erspamer, V., G. F., Erspamer, and M. Inselvini, Some pharmacological actions of alytesin and bombesin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22: 875–876, 1970.
 49. Erspamer, V., G. F., Erspamer, M. Inselvini, and L. Negri, Occurrence of bombesin and alytesin in extracts of the skin of three European discoglossid frogs and pharmacological actions of bombesin on extravascular smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 45: 333–348, 1972.
 50. Erspamer, V., G. F., Erspamer, P. Melchiorri, and L. Negri, Occurrence and polymorphism of bombesin‐like peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals. Gut 20: 1047–1056, 1979.
 51. Erspamer, V., G., Improta, P. Melchiorri, and N. Sopranzi, Evidence of cholecystokinin release by bombesin in the dog. Br. J. Pharmacol. 52: 227–232, 1974.
 52. Feldman, M., C. T., Richardson, I. L. Taylor, and J. H. Walsh, Effect of atropine on vagal release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. J. Clin. Invest. 63: 294–298, 1979.
 53. Feldman, M., and J. H. Walsh, Acid inhibition of sham feeding‐stimulated gastrin release and gastric acid secretion: effect of atropine. Gastroenterology 78: 772–776, 1980.
 54. Ferri, G. L., T. E., Adrian, M. A. Ghatei, D. J. O'Shaughnessy, L. Probert, Y. C. Lee, A. M. Buchan, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom, Tissue localization and relative distribution of regulatory peptides in separated layers from the human bowel. Gastroenterology 84: 777–786, 1983.
 55. Fisher, L. A., and M. R. Brown, Bombesin‐induced stimulation of cardiac parasympathetic innervation. Regul. Pept. 8: 335–343, 1984.
 56. Fletcher, D. R., A., Shulkes, P. H. D. Bladin, and K. J. Hardy, The effect of atropine on bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide stimulated gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and neurotensin release in man. Regul. Pept. 7: 31–40, 1983.
 57. Folkers, K., R., Håkanson, J. Horig, J. C. Xu, and S. Leander, Biological evaluation of substance P antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83: 449–456, 1984.
 58. Fuxe, K., L. F., Agnati, T. Mcdonald, V. Locatelli, T. Hökfelt, C. J. Dalsgaard, N. Battistini, N. Yanaihara, V. Mutt, and A. C. Cuello, Immunohistochemical indications of gastrin releasing peptide bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the rat. Codistribution with substance P like immunoreactive nerve terminal systems and coexistence with substance P like immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. Neurosci. Lett. 37: 17–22, 1983.
 59. Gardner, J. D., V. E., Sutliff, M. D. Walker, and R. T. Jensen, Effects of inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase on actions of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and carbachol on pancreatic acini. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 8): G676–G680, 1983.
 60. Ghatei, M. A., S. R., Bloom, H. Langevin, G. P. Mcgregor, Y. C. Lee, T. E. Adrian, D. J. O'Shaughnessy, M. A. Blank, and L. O. Uttenthal, Regional distribution of bombesin and seven other regulatory peptides in the human brain. Brain Res. 293: 101–109, 1984.
 61. Ghatei, M. A., R. T., Jung, J. C. Stevenson, C. J. Hillyard, T. E. Adrian, Y. C. Lee, N. D. Christofides, D. L. Sarson, K. Mashiter, I. Macintyre, and S. R. Bloom, Bombesin: action on gut hormones and calcium in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 980–985, 1982.
 62. Ghatei, M. A., M. N., Sheppard, D. J. O'Shaughnessy, T. E. Adrian, G. P. Mcgregor, J. M. Polak, and S. R. Bloom, Regulatory peptides in the mammalian respiratory tract. Endocrinology 111: 1248–1254, 1982.
 63. Gibbs, J., Effect of bombesin on feeding behavior. Life Sci. 37: 147–153, 1985.
 64. Gibbs, J., D. J., Fauser, E. A. Rowe, B. J. Rolls, E. T. Rolls, and S. P. Maddison, Bombesin suppresses feeding in rats. Nature Load. 282: 208–210, 1979.
 65. Gibbs, J., P. J., Kulkosky, and G. P. Smith, Effects of peripheral and central bombesin on feeding behavior of rats. Peptides Fayetteville 22: 179–183, 1981.
 66. Gibbs, J., and G. P. Smith, Satiety: the roles of peptides from the stomach and the intestine. Federation Proc. 45: 1391–1395, 1986.
 67. Gill, S. S., Y. C., Lee, M. A. Ghatei, M. Ghiglione, L. O. Uttenthal, and S. R. Bloom, The use of a rat isolated ileal preparation to investigate the release of neurotensin. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 11: 457–465, 1984.
 68. Girard, F., H., Bachelard, S. St. Pierre, and F. Rioux, The contractile effect of bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide and various fragments in the rat stomach strip. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 102: 489–497, 1984.
 69. Giraud, A. S., A. H., Soll, F. Cuttita, and J. H. Walsh, Bombesin stimulation of gastrin release from canine gastrin cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 252 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 15): G413–G420, 1987.
 70. Gmerek, D. E., and A. Cowan, Studies on bombesin‐induced grooming in rats. Peptides Fayetteville 4: 907–913, 1983.
 71. Gmerek, D. E., and A. Cowan, Pituitary‐adrenal mediation of bombesin‐induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in rats. Regul. Pept. 9: 299–304, 1984.
 72. Gmerek, D. E., J. P., Ryan, and A. Cowan, Cross‐tolerance between morphine‐ and bombesin‐induced inhibition of intestinal transit in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 114: 175–180, 1985.
 73. Greeley, G. H., JR., A. Spannagel, J. Trowbridge, and J. C. Thompson, Effect of bombesin and gastrin‐releasing peptide on the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 182: 540–542, 1986.
 74. Grijalva, C. V., Y., Taché, M. W. Gunion, J. H. Walsh, and P. J. Geiselman, Amygdaloid lesions attenuate neurogenic gastric mucosal erosions but do not alter gastric secretory changes induced by intracisternal bombesin. Brain Res. Bull. 16: 55–61, 1986.
 75. Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J., G. J., Dockray, and N. Yanaihara, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra. Histochemistry 73: 171–180, 1981.
 76. Gullner, H. G., and H. Yajima, Gastrin releasing peptide: endocrine functions in the rat. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 15: 247–252, 1983.
 77. Gunion, M. W., C. V., Grijalva, Y. Taché, and D. Novin, Lateral hypothalamic lesions or transections block bombesin hyperglycemia in rats. Brain Res. 299: 239–246, 1984.
 78. Gunion, M. W., Y., Taché, J. H. Walsh, and D. Novin, Suppression of gastric acid secretion by intracisternal bombesin does not require the ventromedial hypothalamus. Life Sci. 35: 1769–1775, 1984.
 79. Harty, R. F., P. A., Franklin, and J. E. Mcguigan, Effect of deuterium oxide on gastrin release from rat antral mucosal fragments. Regul. Pept. 7: 171–181, 1983.
 80. Hermansen, K., Effects of substance P and other peptides on the release of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon in vitro. Endocrinology 107: 256–261, 1980.
 81. Hirschowitz, B. I., and E. Molina, Relation of gastric acid and pepsin secretion to serum gastrin levels in dogs given bombesin and gastrin‐17. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 7): G546–G551, 1983.
 82. Hirschowitz, B. I., and E. Molina, Analysis of food stimulation of gastrin release in dogs by a panel of inhibitors. Peptides Fayetteville 5: 35–40, 1984.
 83. Hirschowitz, B. I., and E. Molina, Somatostatin, prostaglandin E2 and atropine inhibition of the gastric actions of bombesin in the dog. Peptides Fayetteville 5: 29–34, 1984.
 84. Howard, J. M., R. T., Jensen, and J. D. Gardner, Bombesin‐induced residual stimulation of amylase release from mouse pancreatic acini. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G196–G199, 1985.
 85. Impicciatore, M., H., Debas, J. H. Walsh, M. I. Grossman, and G. Bertaccini, Release of gastrin and stimulation of acid secretion by bombesin in dog. Rend. Gastroenterol. 6: 99–101, 1974.
 86. Ingram, C. D., and R. J. Bicknell, Synergistic interaction in bovine pituitary cultures between growth hormone‐releasing factor and other hypophysiotrophic factors (Abstract). J. Endocrinol. 109: 67–74, 1986.
 87. Ipp, E., and R. H. Unger, Bombesin stimulates the release of insulin and glucagon, but not pancreatic somatostatin, from the isolated perfused dog pancreas. Endocr. Res. Commun. 6: 37–42, 1979.
 88. Iwamoto, Y., R., Nakamura, and Y. Akanuma, Effects of porcine gastrin‐releasing peptide on amylase release, 2‐deoxy‐glucose uptake, and α‐aminoisobutyric acid uptake in mouse pancreatic acini. Endocrinology 113: 2106–2112, 1983.
 89. Jahnke, G. D., and L. H. Lazarus, A bombesin immunoreactive peptide in milk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 578–582, 1984.
 90. Jain, D. K., M. M., Wolfe, and J. E. Mcguigan, Functional and anatomical relationships between antral gastrin cells and gastrin‐releasing peptide neurons. Histochemistry 82: 463–467, 1985.
 91. Jansen, J. B., and C. B. Lamers, Calcitonin and secretin inhibit bombesin‐stimulated serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion in man. Regul. Pept. 1: 415–421, 1981.
 92. Jansen, J. B. M. J., and C. B. H. W. Lamers, Molecular forms of cholecystokinin in human plasma during infusion of bombesin. Life Sci. 33: 2197–2205, 1983.
 93. Jensen, R. T., and J. D. Gardner, Identification and characterization of receptors for secretagogues on pancreatic acinar cells. Federation Proc. 40: 2486–2496, 1981.
 94. Jensen, R. T., S. W., Jones, K. Folkers, and J. D. Gardner, A synthetic peptide that is a bombesin receptor antagonist. Nature Lond. 309: 61–63, 1984.
 95. Jensen, R. T., T., Moody, C. Pert, J. E. Rivier, and J. D. Gardner, Interaction of bombesin and litorin with specific membrane receptors on pancreatic acinar cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 6139–6143, 1978.
 96. Kaminski, D. L., and Y. G. Deshpande, Effect of somatostatin and bombesin on secretin‐stimulated ductular bile flow in dogs. Gastroenterology 85: 1239–1247, 1983.
 97. Kantoh, M., T., Takahashi, T. Yamamura, Y. Ishikawa, and J. Utsunomiya, Bombesin evoked acetylcholine release from the guinea pig antrum. Life Sci. 36: 2445–2452, 1985.
 98. Karashima, T., T., Okajima, K. Kato, and H. Ibayashi, Suppressive effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in urethane‐anesthetized rats. Endocrinol. Jpn. 31: 539–547, 1984.
 99. Katz, R., Grooming elicited by intracerebroventricular bombesin and eledoisin in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 19: 143–146, 1980.
 100. Kentroti, S., and S. M. Mccann, The effect of gastrin‐releasing peptide on growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 117: 1363–1367, 1985.
 101. Kisfalvi, I., Inhibition of bombesin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion by secretin, glucagon and caerulein in patients with duodenal ulcer. Digestion 19: 315–321, 1979.
 102. Kleibeuker, J. H., G. L. Kauffman, JR., and J. H. Walsh, Intravenous histamine reduces bombesin‐stimulated gastrin release in dogs. Regul. Pept. 11: 209–215, 1985.
 103. Knuhtsen, S., J. J., Holst, S. L. Jensen, U. Knigge, and O. V. Nielsen, Gastrin‐releasing peptide: effect on exocrine secretion and release from isolated perfused porcine pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G281–G286, 1985.
 104. Koop, H., E., Schwab, R. Arnold, and W. Creutzfeldt, Effect of food deprivation on rat gastric somatostatin and gastrin release. Gastroenterology 82: 871–876, 1982.
 105. Korman, L. Y., M. D., Walker, and J. D. Gardner, Action of theophylline on secretagogue‐stimulated amylase release from dispersed pancreatic acini. Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2): G324–G333, 1980.
 106. Kortz, W. J., J. R., Nashold, E. Delong, and W. C. Meyers, Effects of bombesin on fasting bile formation. Ann. Surg. 203: 1–7, 1986.
 107. Koslo, R. J., T. F., Burks, and F. Porreca, Centrally administered bombesin affects gastrointestinal transit and colonic bead expulsion through supraspinal mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238: 62–67, 1986.
 108. Koslo, R. J., D. E., Gmerek, A. Cowan, and F. Porreca, Intrathecal bombesin‐induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit: requirement for an intact pituitary‐adrenal axis. Regul. Pept. 14: 237–242, 1986.
 109. Kovacs, T. O. G., F., Cuttita, V. Maxwell, D. Hamel, and J. H. Walsh, The effects of a monoclonal antibody to bombesin on gastric function in dogs (Abstract). Gastroenterology 90: 1502, 1986.
 110. Larson, T., J., Sanchez, and I. L. Taylor, Bombesin‐induced tachyphylaxis markedly enhances gastrin response to a meal. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 7): G652–G655, 1983.
 111. Lechago, J., B. G., Crawford, and J. H. Walsh, Bombesin(like)‐containing cells in bullfrog gastric mucosa: immunoelectronmicroscopic characterization. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 45: 1–6, 1981.
 112. Lechago, J., A. L., Holmquist, G. L. Rosenquist, and J. H. Walsh, Localization of bombesin‐like peptides in frog gastric mucosa. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 36: 553–558, 1978.
 113. Lee, P. C., R. T., Jensen, and J. D. Gardner, Bombesin‐induced desensitization of enzyme secretion in dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G213–G218, 1980.
 114. Lehy, T., J. P., Accary, D. Labeille, and M. Dubrasquet, Chronic administration of bombesin stimulates antral gastrin cell proliferation in the rat. Gastroenterology 84: 914–919, 1983.
 115. Lehy, T., F., Puccio, J. Chariot, and D. Labeille, Stimulating effect of bombesin on the growth of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in suckling rats. Gastroenterology 90: 1942–1949, 1986.
 116. Lenz, H. J., R., Klapdor, S. E. Hester, V. J. Webb, R. F. Galyean, J. E. Rivier, and M. R. Brown, Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by brain peptides in the dog. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrin. Gastroenterology 91: 905–912, 1986.
 117. Letterio, J. J., S. R., Coughlin, and L. T. Williams, Pertussis toxin‐sensitive pathway in the stimulation of c‐myc expression and DNA synthesis by bombesin. Science Wash. DC 234: 1117–1119, 1986.
 118. Lhoste, E., M., Aprahamian, A. Pousse, A. Hoeltzel, and C. Stock‐Damge, Trophic effect of bombesin on the rat pancreas: is it mediated by the release of gastrin or cholecystokinin? Peptides Fayetteville 6, Suppl. 3: 89–97, 1985.
 119. Lhoste, E., M., Aprahamian, A. Pousse, A. Hoeltzel, and C. Stock‐Damge, Combined effect of chronic bombesin and secretin or cholecystokinin on the rat pancreas. Peptides Fayetteville 6, Suppl. 3: 83–87, 1985.
 120. Major, J., M. A., Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland. Experientia Basel 39: 1158–1159, 1983.
 121. Marki, W., J., Spiess, Y. Taché, M. Brown, and J. E. Rivier, Total solid‐phase synthesis of porcine gut gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), a mammalian bombesin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 3178–3185, 1981.
 122. Martin, C. F., and J. Gibbs, Bombesin elicits satiety in sham feeding rats. Peptides Fayetteville 1: 131–134, 1980.
 123. Martindale, R., G. L. Kauffman, JR., S. Levin, J. H. Walsh, and T. Yamada, Differential regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomachs. Gastroenterology 83: 240–244, 1982.
 124. Martindale, R., S., Levin, and R. Alfin‐Slater, Effects of caerulein and bombesin on insulin and glucagon secretion from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. Regul. Pept. 3: 313–324, 1982.
 125. Maruyama, Y., O. H., Petersen, P. Flanagan, and G. T. Pearson, Quantification of Ca2+‐activated K+ channels under hormonal control in pig pancreas acinar cells. Nature Land. 305: 228–232, 1983.
 126. Massari, V. J., C. W., Shults, C. H. Park, Y. Tizabi, T. W. Moody, B. M. Chronwall, M. Culver, and T. N. Chase, Deafferentation causes a loss of presynaptic bombesin receptors and supersensitivity of substance P receptors in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 343: 268–274, 1985.
 127. Matsuyama, T., M., Namba, K. Nonaka, S. Tarui, R. Tanaka, and K. Shima, Decrease in blood glucose and release of gut glucagon‐like immunoreactive materials by bombesin infusion in the dog. Endocrinol. Jpn. 271: 115–119, 1980.
 128. Mayer, E. A., J., Elashoff, and J. H. Walsh, Characterization of bombesin effects on canine gastric muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 6): G141–G147, 1982.
 129. Mayer, E. A., J. R. Reeve, JR., S. Khawaja, P. Chew, J. Elashoff, B. Clark, and J. H. Walsh, Potency of natural and synthetic canine gastrin‐releasing decapeptide on canine antral muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 13): G581–G587, 1986.
 130. Mcdonald, T. J., M. A., Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, T. E. Adrian, T. Mochizuki, C. Yanaihara, and N. Yanaihara, Dose‐response comparisons of canine plasma gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses to bombesin and the porcine gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). Regul. Pept. 5: 125–137, 1983.
 131. Mcdonald, T. J., M. A., Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, N. S. Track, J. Radziuk, J. Dupre, and V. Mutt, A qualitative comparison of canine plasma gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses to bombesin and the porcine gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). Regul. Pept. 2: 293–304, 1981.
 132. Mcdonald, T. J., H., Jörnvall, M. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, and V. Mutt, Characterization of an avian gastric (proventricular) peptide having sequence homology with the porcine gastrin‐releasing peptide and the amphibian peptides bombesin and alytesin. FEBS Lett. 122: 45–48, 1980.
 133. Mcdonald, T. J., H., Jörnvall, G. Nilsson, M. Vagne, M. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, and V. Mutt, Characterization of a gastrin releasing peptide from porcine non‐antral gastric tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90: 227–233, 1979.
 134. Mcdonald, T. J., H., Jörnvall, K. Tatemoto, and V. Mutt, Identification and characterization of variant forms of the gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). FEBS Lett. 156: 349–356, 1983.
 135. Mcdonald, T. J., G., Nilsson, M. Vagne, M. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, and V. Mutt, A gastrin releasing peptide from the porcine non‐antral gastrin tissue. Gut 19: 767–774, 1978.
 136. Melchiorri, P., Bombesin and bombesin‐like peptides of amphibian skin. In: Gut Hormones, edited by S. R. Bloom. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1978. p. 534–540.
 137. Mendoza, S. A., J. A., Schneider, A. Lopez‐Rivas, J. W. Sinnett‐Smith, and E. Rozengurt, Early events elicited by bombesin and structurally related peptides in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. II. Changes in Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes, Na+/K+ pump activity, and intracellular pH. J. Cell Biol. 102: 2223–2233, 1986.
 138. Merali, Z., S., Johnston, and S. Zalcman, Bombesin‐induced behavioural changes: antagonism by neuroleptics. Peptides Fayetteville 4: 693–697, 1983.
 139. Minamino, N., K., Kangawa, and H. Matsuo, Neuromedin B: a novel bombesin‐like peptide identified in porcine spinal cord. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 114: 541–548, 1983.
 140. Minamino, N., K., Kangawa, and H. Matsuo, Neuromedin C: a bombesin‐like peptide identified in porcine spinal cord. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119: 14–20, 1984.
 141. Mitsuma, T., T., Nogimori, and M. Chaya, Bombesin inhibits thyrotrophin secretion in rats. Acta Endocrinol. Copenhagen 108: 79–84, 1985.
 142. Miyata, M., S. B., Guzman, P. L. Rayford, and J. C. Thompson, Response of cholecystokinin, secretin, and pancreatic secretion to graded doses of bombesin. Surg. Forum 29: 390–392, 1978.
 143. Modlin, I. M., C., Lamers, and J. H. Walsh, Mechanisms of gastrin release by bombesin and food. J. Surg. Res. 28: 539–546, 1980.
 144. Modlin, I. M., C. B., Lamers, and J. H. Walsh, Stimulation of canine pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, and gastric acid secretion by ranatensin, litorin, bombesin nonapeptide and substance P. Regul. Pept. 1: 279–288, 1981.
 145. Moody, T. W., C. B., Pert, J. Rivier, and M. R. Brown, Bombesin: specific binding to rat brain membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 5372–5376, 1978.
 146. Moody, T. W., N. B., Thoa, T. L. O'Donohue, and C. B. Pert, Bombesin‐like peptides in rat brain: localization in synaptosomes and release from hypothalamic slices. Life Sci. 26: 1707–1712, 1980.
 147. Morley, J. E., and A. S. Levine, Bombesin inhibits stress‐induced eating. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 14: 149–151, 1981.
 148. Morley, J. E., A. A., Varner, I. M. Modlin, H. E. Carlson, G. D. Braunstein, J. H. Walsh, and J. M. Hershman, Failure of bombesin to alter anterior pituitary hormone secretion in man. Clin. Endocrinol. 13: 369–373, 1980.
 149. Mukhopadhyay, A. K., and M. Kunnemann, Mechanism of lower esophageal sphincter stimulation by bombesin in the opossum. Gastroenterology 76: 1409–1414, 1979.
 150. Murphy, W. A., V. A., Lance, M. L. Heiman, S. J. Hocart, and D. H. Coy, Prolonged inhibition of growth hormone secretion by peripheral injection of bombesin is mediated by somatostatin in the rat. Endocrinology 117: 1179–1183, 1985.
 151. Nakajima, T., T., Tanimura, and J. J. Pisano, Isolation and structure of a new vasoactive polypeptide. Federation Proc. 29: 282, 1970.
 152. Namba, M., M. A., Ghatei, M. Ghiglione, and S. R. Bloom, Effects of decapeptide of mammalian bombesin and neuromedin B on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat (Abstract). Digestion 34: 105–114, 1986.
 153. Obie, J. F., and C. W. Cooper, Bombesin stimulates gastrin secretion in the rat without increasing serum calcitonin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 162: 437–441, 1979.
 154. O'Donohue, T. L., V. J., Massari, C. J. Pazoles, B. M. Chronwall, C. W. Shults, R. Quirion, T. N. Chase, and T. W. Moody, A role for bombesin in sensory processing in the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 4: 2956–2962, 1984.
 155. Okubo, M., K., Kaku, T. Kaneko, and N. Yanaihara, Effects of bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide on catecholamine secretion from rat adrenal gland, in vitro. Endocrinol. Jpn. 32: 21–27, 1985.
 156. Orloff, M. S., R. Reeve, JR., C. M. Ben‐Avram, J. R. Shively, and J. H. Walsh, Isolation and sequence analysis of human bombesin‐like peptides. Peptides Fayetteville 5: 865–870, 1984.
 157. Pandol, S. J., R. T., Jensen, and J. D. Gardner, Mechanism of [Tyr4] Bombesin‐induced desensitization in dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 12024–12029, 1982.
 158. Pandol, S. J., and M. S. Schoeffield, 1,2‐Diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and pancreatic enzyme secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 4438–4444, 1986.
 159. Pandol, S. J., M. S., Schoeffield, G. Sachs, and S. Muallem, Role of free cytosolic calcium in secretagogue‐stimulated amylase release from dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 10081–10086, 1985.
 160. Pandol, S. J., M. W., Thomas, M. S. Schoeffield, G. Sachs, and S. Muallem, Role of calcium in cholecystokinin‐stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown in exocrine pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G551–G560, 1985.
 161. Panula, P., M., Hadjiconstantinou, H. Y. Yang, and E. Costa, Immunohistochemical localization of bombesin/gastrin‐releasing peptide and substance P in primary sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 3: 2021–2029, 1983.
 162. Panula, P., H. Y., Yang, and E. Costa, Neuronal location of the bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. Regul. Pept. 4: 275–283, 1982.
 163. Panula, P., H‐Y., Yang, and E. Costa, Comparative distribution of bombesin/GRP‐ and substance‐P‐like immunoreactivities in rat hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 224: 606–617, 1984.
 164. Pappas, T., D., Hamel, H. Debas, J. H. Walsh, and Y. Taché, Cerebroventricular bombesin inhibits gastric acid secretion in dogs. Gastroenterology 89: 43–48, 1985.
 165. Pappas, T., D., Hamel, H. Debas, J. Walsh, and Y. Taché, Spantide: failure to antagonize bombesin‐induced stimulation of gastrin secretion in dogs. Peptides Fayetteville 6: 1001–1003, 1985.
 166. Parrott, R. F., and B. A. Baldwin, Centrally‐administered bombesin produces effects unlike short‐term satiety in operant feeding pigs. Physiol. Behav. 28: 521–524, 1982.
 167. Pearson, G. T., P. M., Flanagan, and O. H. Petersen, Neural and hormonal control of membrane conductance in the pig pancreatic acinar cell. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G520–G526, 1984.
 168. Peters, M. N., J. H., Walsh, J. Ferrari, and M. Feldman, Adrenergic regulation of distention‐induced gastrin release in humans. Gastroenterology 82: 659–663, 1982.
 169. Philpott, H. G., and O. H. Petersen, Extracellular but not intracellular application of peptide hormones activates pancreatic acinar cells. Nature Lond. 281: 684–686, 1979.
 170. Philpott, H. G., and O. H. Petersen, Separate activation sites for cholecystokinin and bombesin on pancreatic acini: an electrophysiological study employing a competitive antagonist for the action of CCK. Pfluegers Arch. 382: 263–267, 1979.
 171. Poitras, P., D., Iacino, and J. H. Walsh, Dibutyryl cGMP: inhibitor of the effect of cholecystokinin and gastrin on the guinea pig gallbladder in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 96: 476–482, 1980.
 172. Poitras, P., D., Tassé, and P. Laprise, Stimulation of motilin release by bombesin in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 8): G249–G256, 1983.
 173. Polak, J. M., S., Hobbs, S. R. Bloom, E. Solcia, and A. G. E. Pearse, Distribution of a bombesin‐like peptide in human gastrointestinal tract. Lancet 1: 1109–1110, 1976.
 174. Pontiroli, A. E., M., Alberetto, L. Restelli, and A. Facchinetti, Effect of bombesin and ceruletide on prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and parathyroid hormone release in normal human males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1303–1305, 1980.
 175. Pontiroli, A. E., and C. Scarpignato, Effect of bombesin on basal and stimulated secretion of some pituitary hormones in humans. Horm. Res. 23: 129–135, 1986.
 176. Porreca, F., and T. F. Burks, Centrally administered bombesin affects gastric emptying and small and large bowel transit in the rat. Gastroenterology 85: 313–317, 1983.
 177. Porreca, F., T. F., Burks, and R. J. Koslo, Centrally‐mediated bombesin effects on gastrointestinal motility. Life Sci. 37: 125–134, 1985.
 178. Porreca, F., J. T., Fulginiti, and T. F. Burks, Bombesin stimulates small intestinal motility after intracerebroventricular administration to rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 114: 167–173, 1985.
 179. Price, J., E., Penman, G. L. Bourne, and L. H. Rees, Characterisation of bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in human fetal lung. Regul. Pept. 7: 315–322, 1983.
 180. Price, J., E., Penman, J. A. Wass, and L. H. Rees, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in human gastrointestinal tract. Regul. Pept. 9: 1–10, 1984.
 181. Reeve, J. R., JR., F. Cuttitta, S. R. Vigna, V. Heubner, J. E. Shively, F. J. Ho, and J. H. Walsh, Purification and partial sequence analysis of gastrin releasing peptide gene associated peptides (Abstract). Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 104: 2, 1986.
 182. Reeve, J. R., JR., J. H. Walsh, P. Chew, B. Clark, D. Hawke, and J. E. Shively, Amino acid sequences of three bombesin‐like peptides from canine intestine extracts. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 5582–5588, 1983.
 183. Reynolds, J. C., M. R., Dukehart, A. Ouyang, and S. Cohen, Interactions of bombesin and substance P at the feline lower esophageal sphincter. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 436–440, 1986.
 184. Richelsen, B., J. F., Rehfeld, and L. I. Larsson, Antral gland cell column: a method for studying release of gastric hormones. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 8): G463–G469, 1983.
 185. Rivier, J. E., and M. R. Brown, Bombesin, bombesin analogues and related peptides: effects on thermoregulation. Biochemistry 17: 1766–1771, 1978.
 186. Rökaeus, A., Increase in neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity in rat plasma after administration of calcium, bombesin and fat and its inhibition by somatostatin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 122: 261–267, 1984.
 187. Rökaeus, A., N., Yanaihara, and T. J. Mcdonald, Increased concentration of neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in rat plasma after administration of bombesin and bombesin‐related peptides (porcine and chicken gastrin‐releasing peptides). Acta Physiol. Scand. 114: 605–610, 1982.
 188. Roth, K. A., E., Weber, and J. D. Barchas, Distribution of gastrin releasing peptide—bombesin‐like immunostaining in rat brain. Brain Res. 251: 277–282, 1982.
 189. Rozengurt, E., Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science Wash. DC 234: 161–166, 1986.
 190. Saffouri, B., J. W., Duval, and G. M. Makhlouf, Stimulation of gastrin secretion in vitro by intraluminal chemicals: regulation by intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons. Gastroenterology 87: 557–561, 1984.
 191. Saffouri, B., G. C., Weir, K. N. Bitar, and G. M. Makhlouf, Gastrin and somatostatin secretion by perfused rat stomach: functional linkage of antral peptides. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1): G495–G501, 1980.
 192. Sarles, J. C., P., Delecourt, H. Castello, L. Gaeta, M. Nacchiero, J. P. Amoros, M. A. Devaux, and R. Awad, Action of gastrointestinal hormones on the myoelectric activity of the sphincter of Oddi in living rabbit. Regul. Pept. 2: 113–124, 1981.
 193. Sausville, E. A., A.‐M., Lebacq‐Verheyden, E. R. Spindel, F. Cuttitta, A. F. Gazdar, and J. F. Battey, Expression of the gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 2451–2457, 1986.
 194. Scarpignato, C., and G. Bertaccini, Bombesin delays gastric emptying in the rat. Digestion 21: 104–106, 1981.
 195. Scarpignato, C., and B. Micali, Opposite effects of bombesin on insulin and gastrin response to food in humans (Abstract). Gut 27: 499–504, 1986.
 196. Scarpignato, C., F., Tirelli, and A. E. Pontiroli, Bombesin inhibits growth hormone response to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in humans (Abstract). Brain Res. 371: 187–189, 1986.
 197. Scemama, J. L., A., Zahidi, D. Fourmy, P. Fagot‐Revurat, N. Vaysse, L. Pradayrol, and A. Ribet, Interaction of [125I]‐Tyr4‐bombesin with specific receptors on normal human pancreatic membranes. Regul. Pept. 13: 125–132, 1986.
 198. Schiller, L. R., J. H., Walsh, and M. Feldman, Distention‐induced gastrin release: effects of luminal acidification and intravenous atropine. Gastroenterology 78: 912–917, 1980.
 199. Schubert, M. L., and G. M. Makhlouf, Regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by intramural neurons: effect of nicotinic receptor stimulation with dimethyl‐phenylpiperazinium. Gastroenterology 83: 626–632, 1982.
 200. Schubert, M. L., B., Saffouri, J. H. Walsh, and G. M. Makhlouf, Inhibition of neurally mediated gastrin secretion by bombesin antiserum. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G456–G462, 1985.
 201. Schulz, D. W., P. W., Kalivas, C. B. Nemeroff, and A. J. Prange, JR, Bombesin‐induced locomotor hyperactivity: evaluation of the involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Brain Res. 304: 377–382, 1984.
 202. Schultzberg, M., Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in sympathetic ganglia. Neuroscience 8: 363–374, 1983.
 203. Schultzberg, M., and C. J. Dalsgaard, Enteric origin of bombesin immunoreactive fibres in the rat coeliac‐superior mesenteric ganglion. Brain Res. 269: 190–195, 1983.
 204. Schusdziarra, V., D., Rouiller, V. Harris, E. F. Pfeiffer, and R. H. Unger, Effect of bombesin upon plasma somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity, insulin and glucagon in normal and chemically sympathectomized dogs. Regul. Pept. 1: 89–96, 1980.
 205. Shiraishi, T., A., Inoue, and N. Yanaihara, Neurotensin and bombesin effects on LHA‐gastrosecretory relations. Brain Res. Bull. 5, Suppl. 4: 133–142, 1980.
 206. Short, G. M., G. M., Reel, J. W. Doyle, and M. M. Wolfe, Effect of GRP on β‐adrenergic‐stimulated gastrin and somatostatin release in the isolated rat stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 12): G197–G202, 1985.
 207. Somiya, H., and T. Tonoue, Neuropeptides as central integrators of autonomic nerve activity: effects of TRH, SRIF, VIP and bombesin on gastric and adrenal nerves. Regul. Pept. 9: 47–52, 1984.
 208. Spindel, E. R., W. W., Chin, J. Price, L. H. Rees, G. M. Besser, and J. F. Habener, Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin‐releasing peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5699–5703, 1984.
 209. Spindel, E. R., M. E. Sunday, H. Hofler, H. J. Wolfe, J. F. Habener, and W. W. Chin, Transient elevation of messenger RNA encoding gastrin‐releasing peptide, a putative pulmonary growth factor in human fetal lung. J. Clin. Invest. 80: 1172–1179, 1987.
 210. Spindel, E. R., M. D., Zilberberg, J. F. Habener, and W. W. Chin, Two prohormones for gastrin‐releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 19–23, 1986.
 211. Stuckey, J. A., and J. Gibbs, Lateral hypothalamic injection of bombesin decreases food intake in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 8: 617–621, 1982.
 212. Stuckey, J. A., J., Gibbs, and G. P. Smith, Neural disconnection of gut from brain blocks bombesin‐induced satiety. Peptides Fayetteville 6: 1249–1252, 1985.
 213. Swope, S. L., and A. Schonbrunn, Bombesin stimulates insulin secretion by a pancreatic islet cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1822–1826, 1984.
 214. Taché, Y., Bombesin: central nervous system action to increase gastric mucus in rats. Gastroenterology 83: 75–80, 1982.
 215. Taché, Y., Intracisternal bombesin induced inhibition of gastric secretion is not mediated through prostaglandin or opioid pathways. Peptides Fayetteville 6, Suppl. 3: 69–73, 1985.
 216. Taché, Y., and R. Collu, CNS mediated inhibition of gastric secretion by bombesin: independence from interaction with brain catecholaminergic, and serotoninergic pathways and pituitary hormones. Regul. Pept. 3: 51–59, 1982.
 217. Taché, Y., C. V., Grijalva, M. W. Gunion, P. H. Cooper, J. H. Walsh and D. Novin, Lateral hypothalamic mediation of hypergastrinemia induced by intracisternal bombesin. Neuroendocrinology 39: 114–119, 1984.
 218. Taché, Y., C. V., Grijalva, M. W. Gunion, J. H. Walsh, and D. Novin, Stimulation of gastric secretion by acute lateral hypothalamic lesions and its reversal by intracisternal injection of bombesin. Life Sci. 31: 2485–2491, 1982.
 219. Taché, Y., and M. Gunion, Central nervous system action of bombesin to inhibit gastric acid secretion. Life Sci. 37: 115–123, 1985.
 220. Taché, Y., D., Lesiege, and Y. Goto, Neural pathways involved in intracisternal bombesin‐induced inhibition of gastric secretion in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 31: 412–417, 1986.
 221. Taché, Y., W., Marki, J. Rivier, W. Vale, and M. Brown, Central nervous system inhibition of gastric secretion in the rat by gastrin‐releasing peptide, a mammalian bombesin. Gastroenterology 81: 298–302, 1981.
 222. Taché, Y., P., Simard, and R. Collu, Prevention by bombesin of cold‐restraint stress induced hemorrhagic lesions in rats. Life Sci. 24: 1719–1726, 1979.
 223. Taché, Y., W., Vale, J. Rivier, and M. Brown, Brain regulation of gastric secretion: influence of neuropeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 5515–5519, 1980.
 224. Taminato, T., Y., Seino, Y. Goto, S. Matsukura, H. Imura, N. Sakura, and N. Yanaihara, Bombesin inhibits insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats in vitro. Endocrinol. Jpn. 25: 305–307, 1978.
 225. Taylor, I. L., and R. Garcia, Effects of pancreatic polypeptide, caerulein, and bombesin on satiety in obese mice. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 11): G277–280, 1985.
 226. Taylor, I. L., J. H., Walsh, D. Carter, J. Wood, and M. I. Grossman, Effects of atropine and bethanechol on bombesin‐stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin in dog. Gastroenterology 77: 714–718, 1979.
 227. Timson, C. M., J. M., Polak, J. Wharton, M. A. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, L. Usellini, C. Capella, E. Solcia, M. R. Brown, and A. G. Pearse, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the avian gut and its localisation to a distinct cell type. Histochemistry 61: 213–221, 1979.
 228. Van Wimersma Greidanus, T. J., D. K. Donker, R. Walhof, J. C. Van Grafhorst, N. De Vries, S. J. Van Schaik, C. Maigret, B. M. Spruijt, and D. L. Colbern, The effects of neurotensin, naloxone and haloperidol on elements of excessive grooming behavior induced by bombesin. Peptides Fayetteville 6: 1179–1183, 1985.
 229. Varner, A. A., I. M., Modlin, and J. H. Walsh, High potency of bombesin for stimulation of human gastrin release and gastric acid secretion. Regul. Pept. 1: 289–296, 1981.
 230. Vaysse, N., L., Pradayrol, J. A. Chayvialle, F. Pignal, J. P. Esteve, C. Susini, F. Descos, and A. Ribet, Effects of somatostatin‐14 and somatostatin‐28 on bombesin‐stimulated release of gastrin, insulin, and glucagon in the dog. Endocrinology 108: 1843–1847, 1981.
 231. Villarreal, J. A., and M. R. Brown, Bombesin‐like peptide in hypothalamus: chemical and immunological characterization. Life Sci. 23: 2729–2733, 1978.
 232. Wakabayashi, I., Y., Tonegawa, T. Shibasaki, T. Ihara, M. Hattori, and N. Ling, Effect of dopamine, bombesin and cysteamine hydrochloride on plasma growth hormone response to synthetic growth hormone‐releasing factor in rats. Life Sci. 36: 1437–1443, 1985.
 233. Walsh, J. H., J., Lechago, H. C. Wong, and G. L. Rosenquist, Presence of ranatensin‐like and bombesin‐like peptides in amphibian brains. Regul. Pept. 3: 1–13, 1982.
 234. Walsh, J. H., V., Maxwell, J. Ferrari, and A. A. Varner, Bombesin stimulates human gastric function by gastrin‐de‐pendent and independent mechanisms. Peptides Fayetteville 2: 193–198, 1981.
 235. Walsh, J. H., H. C., Wong, and G. J. Dockray, Bombesin‐like peptides in mammals. Federation Proc. 38: 2315–2319, 1979.
 236. West, D. B., R. H., Williams, D. J. Braget, and S. C. Woods, Bombesin reduces food intake of normal and hypothalamically obese rats and lowers body weight when given chronically. Peptides Fayetteville 3: 61–67, 1982.
 237. Westendorf, J. M., and A. Schonbrunn, Bombesin stimulates prolactin and growth hormone release by pituitary cells in culture. Endocrinology 110: 352–358, 1982.
 238. Wharton, J., J. M., Polak, S. R. Bloom, M. A. Ghatei, E. Solcia, M. R. Brown, and A. G. Pearse, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in the lung. Nature Lond. 273: 769–770, 1978.
 239. Widerlöv, E., R. A., Mueller, G. D. Frye, and G. R. Breese, Bombesin increases dopamine function in rat brain areas. Peptides Fayetteville 5: 523–528, 1984.
 240. Willey, J. C., J. F., Lechner, and C. C. Harris, Bombesin and the C‐terminal tetradecapeptide of gastrin‐releasing peptide are growth factors for normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 153: 245–248, 1984.
 241. Woods, S. C., L. J., Stein, D. P. Figlewicz, and D. Porte, JR, Bombesin stimulates insulin secretion and reduces food intake in the baboon. Peptides Fayetteville 4: 687–691, 1983.
 242. Wunder, B. A., M. F., Hawkins, D. D. Avery, and H. Swan, The effects of bombesin injected into the anterior and posterior hypothalamus on body temperature and oxygen consumption. Neuropharmacology 19: 1095–1097, 1980.
 243. Yachnis, A. T., J. N., Crawley, R. T. Jensen, M. M. Mcgrane, and T. W. Moody, The antagonism of bombesin in the CNS by substance P analogues. Life Sci. 35: 1963–1969, 1984.
 244. Yamada, T., M. S., Takami, and R. H. Gerner, Bombesin‐like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res. 223: 214–217, 1981.
 245. Yanaihara, C., A., Inoue, T. Mochizuki, N. Sakura, H. Sato, and N. Yanaihara, Syntheses of bombesin‐related peptides and their use for bombesin‐specific radioimmunoassay. In: Peptide Chemistry 1978, edited by N. Izumiya. Osaka, Japan: Protein Research Foundation, 1979, p. 183–188.
 246. Yoshizaki, K., V., De Bock, and S. Solomon, Origin of bombesin‐like peptides in human fetal lung. Life Sci. 34: 835–843, 1984.
 247. Yound, W. G., J. A., Deutsch, and T. D. Tom, Diazepam reverses bombesin‐induced gastric spasms and food intake reduction in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 4: 401–410, 1982.
 248. Zachary, I., and E. Rozengurt, High‐affinity receptors for peptides of the bombesin family in Swiss 3T3 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 7616–7620, 1985.
 249. Zachary, I., J. W., Sinnett‐Smith, and E. Rozengurt, Early events elicited by bombesin and structurally related peptides in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. I. Activation of protein kinase C and inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding. J. Cell Biol. 102: 2211–2222, 1986.
 250. Zafirov, D. H., J. M., Palmer, P. R. Nemeth, and J. D. Wood, Bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide excite myenteric neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 115: 103–107, 1985.
 251. Zetler, G., Antagonism of the gut‐contracting effects of bombesin and neurotensin by opioid peptides, morphine, atropine or tetrodotoxin. Pharmacology 21: 348–354, 1980.
 252. Zhu, X. G., G. H. Greeley, JR., B. G. Lewis, P. Lilja, and J. C. Thompson, Blood‐CSF barrier to CCK and effect of centrally administered bombesin on release of brain CCK (Abstract). J. Neurosci. Res. 15: 393–403, 1986.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

John H. Walsh. Bombesin‐like Peptides. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 17: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Neural and Endocrine Biology: 587-610. First published in print 1989. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060224