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Intestinal Transport of Bile Acids

Frederick A. Wilson

10.1002/cphy.cp060416

Source: Supplement 19: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion

Originally published: 1991

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Rate Determinants of Intestinal Bile Acid Transport
1.1 Passive Absorption from Monomer Solutions
1.2 Passive Absorption from Micellar Solutions
1.3 Carrier‐Mediated Absorption
2 Mechanisms of Cellular Bile Acid Transport
2.1 General Characteristics
2.2 Major Site for Bile Acid Absorption
2.3 Structure‐Activity Relationships
2.4 Membrane Site for Active Transport
2.5 Sodium—Bile Acid Cotransport System
2.6 Cellular Metabolism and Exit of Bile Acids
3 Ontogenesis of Bile Acid Transport
4 Summary
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Structure of cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. Fusion of A/B ring is in cis‐configuration. Hydroxyl groups are at positions 3α, 7α, and 12α on steroid nucleus. Bile acids are unconjugated or conjugated with the amino acids glycine or taurine.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Relationship of apparent permeability coefficients, *P, for ionized (−) and protonated (·) bile acids to their hydrogen‐bonding capability. *P has been multiplied by square root of molecular weight (M0.5) for each bile acid, and ln of product has been plotted against the number (N) of hydrogen bonds that a particular bile acid can form in water.

[From Wilson and Dietschy 120.]
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Theoretical relationship between kinetics of active transport and variations in unstirred layer thickness, diffusivity of probe molecule, and uptake rates. Active transport kinetics are altered by changes in thickness (d) of unstirred water layer (panel A), by changes in free diffusion coefficient (D) of probe molecule (panel B), and by changes in absolute flux rate (J) across unstirred layer (panel C). Jmax, true maximal transport rate for membrane carrier; Km, Michaelis constant for membrane carrier; *Km, apparent Michaelis constant. Panel A, d is varied; Jmax, 4 nmol · s−1 · cm−1; Km, 1 mM; D, 0.5 × 10−5 cm2/s. Panel B, D is varied; Jmax, 4 nmol · s−1 · cm−2; Km, 1 mM; d, 1 × 10−2 cm. Panel C, Jmax and therefore J are varied; Km, 1 mM; d, 1 × 10−2 cm; D, 0.5 × 10−5 cm2/s. Hypothetical membrane is considered to be flat and of known surface area so that flux rates (J) are in nmol · s−1 · cm−2; hence the surface area of the UWL (SW), which is used to correct experimentally determined flux rates (Jd to J), does not enter into calculations.

[From Wilson and Dietschy 121.]
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Distribution of radioactivity after sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ileal brush‐border membrane vesicles after photoaffinity labeling with 3‐azido bile acid derivatives. Membrane vesicles (0.5 mg of protein) photolabeled in the presence of 1.5 μM (5.5 μCi) 3‐azido‐taurocholic acid (top) or 7.45 μM (6.05 μCi) 3‐azido‐cholic acid (bottom). Total acrylamide concentration, 9%. Arrow, position of bromophenol blue; solid line, densitometer scanning of polypeptides after staining; broken lines, distribution of radioactivity.

[From Kramer et al. 48.]
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Kinetics of taurocholic acid transport in vesicles prepared from 2‐wk‐, 3‐wk‐, and 6‐wk‐old rats. Ileal membrane vesicles were preloaded with 100 mM mannitol, 100 mM choline chloride or Na+ chloride, 20 mM HEPES‐TRIS (pH 7.4), and unlabeled taurocholic acid at indicated concentrations. Incubations (37°C, 120 s) were initiated in identical solution excepting presence of tracer amounts of [3H]taurocholic acid and 6 μg gramicidin/mg protein. Data points, arithmetic difference ± SE of the difference between tracer uptake in presence of Na+‐preequilibrated and choline‐preequilibrated conditions (n = 8, where n is the number of determinations).

[From Barnard and Ghishan 5.]
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Schematic representation of intestinal bile acid transport. Bile acid monomers and micelles diffuse from bulk phase (C1) across unstirred water layer (UWL) and acidic microclimate of thickness (d) and surface area (SW) to aqueous‐membrane interface at C2. Bile acid monomers are transported across brush‐border membrane either by passive diffusion throughout intestine or by active transport in ileum. Ileal recognition site contains a steroid recognition component, a positive charge to react with negatively charged bile acid side chain, and an anionic site to interact with Na+. Energy for active transport arises from Na+ gradient across brush‐border membrane. Low intracellular Na+ concentration necessary for continued operation of system is maintained through Na+‐K+ exchange by ATPase located on basolateral membrane. Route and mechanisms responsible for transcellular transport of bile acids remain unknown. Exit of bile acids may involve transport down an electrochemical gradient, anion exchange, and other yet‐to‐be‐defined transport systems.

[From Wilson 116.]


Figure 1.

Structure of cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. Fusion of A/B ring is in cis‐configuration. Hydroxyl groups are at positions 3α, 7α, and 12α on steroid nucleus. Bile acids are unconjugated or conjugated with the amino acids glycine or taurine.



Figure 2.

Relationship of apparent permeability coefficients, *P, for ionized (−) and protonated (·) bile acids to their hydrogen‐bonding capability. *P has been multiplied by square root of molecular weight (M0.5) for each bile acid, and ln of product has been plotted against the number (N) of hydrogen bonds that a particular bile acid can form in water.

[From Wilson and Dietschy 120.]


Figure 3.

Theoretical relationship between kinetics of active transport and variations in unstirred layer thickness, diffusivity of probe molecule, and uptake rates. Active transport kinetics are altered by changes in thickness (d) of unstirred water layer (panel A), by changes in free diffusion coefficient (D) of probe molecule (panel B), and by changes in absolute flux rate (J) across unstirred layer (panel C). Jmax, true maximal transport rate for membrane carrier; Km, Michaelis constant for membrane carrier; *Km, apparent Michaelis constant. Panel A, d is varied; Jmax, 4 nmol · s−1 · cm−1; Km, 1 mM; D, 0.5 × 10−5 cm2/s. Panel B, D is varied; Jmax, 4 nmol · s−1 · cm−2; Km, 1 mM; d, 1 × 10−2 cm. Panel C, Jmax and therefore J are varied; Km, 1 mM; d, 1 × 10−2 cm; D, 0.5 × 10−5 cm2/s. Hypothetical membrane is considered to be flat and of known surface area so that flux rates (J) are in nmol · s−1 · cm−2; hence the surface area of the UWL (SW), which is used to correct experimentally determined flux rates (Jd to J), does not enter into calculations.

[From Wilson and Dietschy 121.]


Figure 4.

Distribution of radioactivity after sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ileal brush‐border membrane vesicles after photoaffinity labeling with 3‐azido bile acid derivatives. Membrane vesicles (0.5 mg of protein) photolabeled in the presence of 1.5 μM (5.5 μCi) 3‐azido‐taurocholic acid (top) or 7.45 μM (6.05 μCi) 3‐azido‐cholic acid (bottom). Total acrylamide concentration, 9%. Arrow, position of bromophenol blue; solid line, densitometer scanning of polypeptides after staining; broken lines, distribution of radioactivity.

[From Kramer et al. 48.]


Figure 5.

Kinetics of taurocholic acid transport in vesicles prepared from 2‐wk‐, 3‐wk‐, and 6‐wk‐old rats. Ileal membrane vesicles were preloaded with 100 mM mannitol, 100 mM choline chloride or Na+ chloride, 20 mM HEPES‐TRIS (pH 7.4), and unlabeled taurocholic acid at indicated concentrations. Incubations (37°C, 120 s) were initiated in identical solution excepting presence of tracer amounts of [3H]taurocholic acid and 6 μg gramicidin/mg protein. Data points, arithmetic difference ± SE of the difference between tracer uptake in presence of Na+‐preequilibrated and choline‐preequilibrated conditions (n = 8, where n is the number of determinations).

[From Barnard and Ghishan 5.]


Figure 6.

Schematic representation of intestinal bile acid transport. Bile acid monomers and micelles diffuse from bulk phase (C1) across unstirred water layer (UWL) and acidic microclimate of thickness (d) and surface area (SW) to aqueous‐membrane interface at C2. Bile acid monomers are transported across brush‐border membrane either by passive diffusion throughout intestine or by active transport in ileum. Ileal recognition site contains a steroid recognition component, a positive charge to react with negatively charged bile acid side chain, and an anionic site to interact with Na+. Energy for active transport arises from Na+ gradient across brush‐border membrane. Low intracellular Na+ concentration necessary for continued operation of system is maintained through Na+‐K+ exchange by ATPase located on basolateral membrane. Route and mechanisms responsible for transcellular transport of bile acids remain unknown. Exit of bile acids may involve transport down an electrochemical gradient, anion exchange, and other yet‐to‐be‐defined transport systems.

[From Wilson 116.]
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Article Title: Intestinal Transport of Bile Acids
 

How to Cite

Frederick A. Wilson. Intestinal Transport of Bile Acids. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 19: Handbook of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion: 389-404. First published in print 1991. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp060416