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Comparative Physiology of the Kidney

William H. Dantzler

10.1002/cphy.cp080111

Source: Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology

Originally published: 1992

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Morphological Relationships
2 Initial Process in Urine Formation
2.1 Filtration of Fluid by Glomeruli
2.2 Regulation of Number of Filtering Nephrons and of SNGFR
2.3 Secretion of Fluid by Tubules
3 Transport of Inorganic Ions By Tubules
3.1 Sodium and Chloride
3.2 Potassium
3.3 Calcium
3.4 Phosphate
3.5 Magnesium and Sulfate
4 Transport of Fluid by Tubules
4.1 Fluid Absorption
4.2 Fluid Secretion
5 Transport of Organic Substances by Tubules
5.1 Glucose
5.2 Amino Acids
5.3 Urea
5.4 Organic Acids and Anions (Other Than Amino Acids, Urate, and Lactate)
5.5 Urate
5.6 Lactate
5.7 Organic Cations
6 Diluting and Concentrating Processes
6.1 Range of Urine Osmolality
6.2 Process and Sites of Dilution
6.3 Regulation of Changes in Urine Osmolality
7 Integrative Summary of Some Renal Functions
7.1 Fishes
7.2 Amphibians
7.3 Reptiles
7.4 Birds
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Representations of fish (elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias; glomerular teleost, Anguilla rostrata; aglomerular teleost, Lophius piscatorius), amphibian (Necturus maculosus), reptilian (Thamnophis sirtalis), avian (Callus gallus domesticus), and mammalian (Mus flavicolis) nephrons drawn to single scale.

From Dantzler 80
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Representations of nephrons from major classes of nonmammalian vertebrates showing major nephron segments. No attempt was made to draw nephrons to exact scale, although some attempt was made to indicate relative sizes for fish and bird nephrons. Breaks in nephrons indicate that lengths of those segments may be much greater relative to other segments than actually shown. Except for those nephrons in which a loop structure was parallel to collecting ducts (lamprey and avian mammalian‐type), no attempt was made to show shape of nephron segments.

From Dantzler 80
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Three‐dimensional drawing of section of avian kidney (Gambel's quail, Callipepla gambelli) showing types of nephrons present, their relative positions in kidney, and their relationships to other renal structures.

From Braun and Dantzler 39
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Model for net tubular absorption of glucose based on studies in amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Solid circles with solid arrows indicate either primary or secondary active transport against electrochemical gradient. Broken circles with broken arrows indicate mediated transport down electrochemical gradient. Question marks indicate tentative suggestions. Lines with bar at end indicte inhibition. Apparent permeabilities of luminal membrane in lumen‐to‐cell () and cell‐to‐lumen () directions and of peritubular membrane in bath‐to‐cell () direction are shown for various conditions for snake renal tubules.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Model for amino acid (AA) entry across luminal membrane based on studies on amphibians and fish. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. Absence of positive charge on sodium indicates electroneutral entry step.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Model for net taurine secretion based on studies with teleosts 163,165,325. Broken arrows always indicate movement down electrochemical gradient. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Model for net tubular secretion of urea based on studies on amphibians. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. DNP, dinitrophenol; PAH, p‐aminohippurate.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Model for net tubular secretion of organic anions. (Org A) based on studies on fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. A−indicates anion of unspecified nature. Arrows from K+, Na+, and Ca2+ indicates sites of effects of these inorganic cations. Broken arrow with question mark leading from transport step at luminal membrane to transport step at peritubular membrane indicates possible feedback coupling between transport steps. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 9. Figure 9.

Model for net tubular secretion of urate based on studies with reptiles and birds. Apparent permeabilities for luminal (PL) and peritubular (PP) membranes for control conditions in snake tubules are shown. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82
Figure 10. Figure 10.

Models for net tubular transport of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) and N′‐methylnicotinamide (NMN+) based on studies with snake and fish proximal renal tubules. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. Maximum unidirectional transepithelial fluxes (, ) are given and illustrated by the lengths of arrows for TEA+ and NMN+ at top and bottom of snake model, respectively.

From Dantzler 83


Figure 1.

Representations of fish (elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias; glomerular teleost, Anguilla rostrata; aglomerular teleost, Lophius piscatorius), amphibian (Necturus maculosus), reptilian (Thamnophis sirtalis), avian (Callus gallus domesticus), and mammalian (Mus flavicolis) nephrons drawn to single scale.

From Dantzler 80


Figure 2.

Representations of nephrons from major classes of nonmammalian vertebrates showing major nephron segments. No attempt was made to draw nephrons to exact scale, although some attempt was made to indicate relative sizes for fish and bird nephrons. Breaks in nephrons indicate that lengths of those segments may be much greater relative to other segments than actually shown. Except for those nephrons in which a loop structure was parallel to collecting ducts (lamprey and avian mammalian‐type), no attempt was made to show shape of nephron segments.

From Dantzler 80


Figure 3.

Three‐dimensional drawing of section of avian kidney (Gambel's quail, Callipepla gambelli) showing types of nephrons present, their relative positions in kidney, and their relationships to other renal structures.

From Braun and Dantzler 39


Figure 4.

Model for net tubular absorption of glucose based on studies in amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Solid circles with solid arrows indicate either primary or secondary active transport against electrochemical gradient. Broken circles with broken arrows indicate mediated transport down electrochemical gradient. Question marks indicate tentative suggestions. Lines with bar at end indicte inhibition. Apparent permeabilities of luminal membrane in lumen‐to‐cell () and cell‐to‐lumen () directions and of peritubular membrane in bath‐to‐cell () direction are shown for various conditions for snake renal tubules.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 5.

Model for amino acid (AA) entry across luminal membrane based on studies on amphibians and fish. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. Absence of positive charge on sodium indicates electroneutral entry step.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 6.

Model for net taurine secretion based on studies with teleosts 163,165,325. Broken arrows always indicate movement down electrochemical gradient. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 7.

Model for net tubular secretion of urea based on studies on amphibians. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. DNP, dinitrophenol; PAH, p‐aminohippurate.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 8.

Model for net tubular secretion of organic anions. (Org A) based on studies on fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. A−indicates anion of unspecified nature. Arrows from K+, Na+, and Ca2+ indicates sites of effects of these inorganic cations. Broken arrow with question mark leading from transport step at luminal membrane to transport step at peritubular membrane indicates possible feedback coupling between transport steps. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 9.

Model for net tubular secretion of urate based on studies with reptiles and birds. Apparent permeabilities for luminal (PL) and peritubular (PP) membranes for control conditions in snake tubules are shown. Other symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend.

From Dantzler 82


Figure 10.

Models for net tubular transport of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) and N′‐methylnicotinamide (NMN+) based on studies with snake and fish proximal renal tubules. Symbols have same meaning as Fig. 4 legend. Maximum unidirectional transepithelial fluxes (, ) are given and illustrated by the lengths of arrows for TEA+ and NMN+ at top and bottom of snake model, respectively.

From Dantzler 83
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Article Title: Comparative Physiology of the Kidney
 

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William H. Dantzler. Comparative Physiology of the Kidney. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 25: Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology: 415-474. First published in print 1992. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp080111