Comprehensive Physiology Wiley Online Library

Chemical Agents in Cigarette Smoke

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Smoking
1.1 Variations in Smoke Composition and Smoking
1.2 Sidestream Smoke Inhalation
2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Reaction Products
3 Other Compounds Containing Nitrogen
3.1 Amines
3.2 Nitrites
3.3 Alkaloids
3.4 Heterocyclics
4 Compounds Containing Oxygen and Sulfur
4.1 Alcohols
4.2 Phenols
4.3 Carbonyl Compounds
4.4 Acids
4.5 Heterocyclics
4.6 Compounds Containing Sulfur
5 Hydrocarbons
5.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkines, and Simple Aromatics
5.2 Poly cyclic Aromatics
6 Effects of Soil Composition or Agricultural Practices on Smoke Composition
6.1 Trace Elements
6.2 Organic Pesticides
7 Biological Contaminants and their Toxic Metabolites in Smoke
7.1 Fungi
7.2 Viruses
8 Summary: The More Hazardous Substances in Smoke
References
 1. Andren, A. W., and R. C. Harriss. Mercury content of tobaccos. Environ. Letters 1: 231–234, 1971.
 2. Artho, A., and R. Koch. Über die Bestimmung von Cyanwasserstoff im Cigarettenrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 58–63, 1969.
 3. Ayres, C. I., and R. E. Thornton. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene and related compounds in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 285–290, 1965.
 4. Barkemeyer, H., and F. Seehofer. Zur Untersuchung der Gas‐Dampf‐Phase des Cigarettenrauches. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 278–282, 1968.
 5. Bentley, H. R., and J. G. Burgan. Polynuclear hydrocarbons in tobacco and tobacco smoke, III. The inhibition of the formation of 3:4‐benzopyrene in cigarette smoke. Analyst 85: 727–730, 1960.
 6. Bokhoven, C., and H. J. Niessen. Amounts of oxide of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke, with and without inhalation. Nature 192: 458–459, 1961.
 7. Boutwell, R. K., and D. K. Bosch. The tumor‐promoting action of phenol and related compounds for mouse skin. Cancer Res. 19: 413–424, 1959.
 8. Bowery, F. G., W. R. Evans, F. E. Guthrie, and R. L. Rabb. Insecticide residues on tobacco. J. Agr. & Food Chem. 7: 693–702, 1959.
 9. Boyland, E., E. R. Busby, C. E. Dukes, P. L. Grover, and D. Manson. Further experiments on implantation of materials into the urinary bladder of mice. Brit. J. Cancer 18: 575–581, 1964.
 10. Boyland, E., E. Nice, and K. Williams. The catalysis of nitrosation by thiocyanate from saliva. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9: 639–643, 1971.
 11. Campbell, J. M., and A. J. Lindsey. Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigar smoke. Brit. J. Cancer 11: 192–195, 1957.
 12. Carruthers, W., and A. W. Johnstone. Composition of a paraffin wax fraction from tobacco leaf and tobacco smoke. Nature 184: 1131–1132, 1959.
 13. Ceschini, P. Aktivitätsverlust der Kohle in Cigarettenfiltern. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6: 220–222, 1972.
 14. Cheng, A. L. S. Sterol content in cigarette tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch 7: 14–17, 1973.
 15. Chopra, N. M., and J. J. Domanski. Systematic studies on the breakdown of p,p'‐DDT in tobacco smokes. III. Isolation and identification of the nonvolatile degradation products of p,p'‐DDT in p,p'‐DDT‐treated tobacco smokes. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6: 139–143, 1972.
 16. Chopra, N. M., and L. R. Sherman. Systematic studies on the breakdown of p,p'‐DDT in tobacco smokes. Investigations into the presence of methyl chloride, dichloromethane, and chloroform in tobacco smokes. Anal. Chem. 44: 1036–1038, 1972.
 17. Chortyk, O. T., W. S. Schlotzhauer, and R. I. Stedman. Composition studies on tobacco. XXIII. Pyrolytic and structural investigations on the polyphenol‐amino acid pigments of leaf. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 422–429, 1966.
 18. Chyle, P., M. Chyle, and F. Patocka. Virus tabakove mozaiky a polyfenoly jako priorozene se vyskytujici kancerogeny v Tabaku. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 110: 189–190, 1971.
 19. Chyle, P., M. Chyle, J. Korb, and M. Papanek. Virus tabakove mozaiky, polyfenoly a kancerogenita tabakoveho navyku. Cesk. Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 20: 32–42, 1971.
 20. Cogbill, E. C., and M. E. Hobbs. Transfer of metallic constituents of cigarettes to the main‐stream smoke. Tobacco Sci. 1: 68–73, 1957.
 21. Cook, L. C., A. Rodgman, and G. W. Young. The composition of cigarette smoke. VII. Normal long‐chained primary alcohols. Tobacco Sci. 5: 6–10, 1961.
 22. Corbaz, R., A. Artho, P. Ceschini, M. Häusermann, and J. Cl. Plantefève. Herbicide residues in tobacco leaves and their transfer into the smoke. Urea herbicides, Patoran and Molipan. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 80–91, 1969.
 23. Daff, M. E., and E. L. Kennaway. The arsenic content of tobacco and of tobacco smoke. Brit. J. Cancer 4: 173–182, 1950.
 24. Dontenwill, W., H. Elmenhorst, H.‐P. Harke, G. Reckzeh, K. H. Weber, J. Misfeld, and J. Timm. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Tumorerzeugende Wirkung von Zigarettenrauch‐Kondensaten an der Mäusehaut. I. Mitteilung: Einzelvergleiche zwischen den Kondensaten modifizierter Zigaretten. Z. Krebsforsch. 73: 285–304, 1970.
 25. Doupnik, B., Jr., and E. K. Sobers. Mycotoxicosis: toxicity to chicks of Alternaria long isolated from tobacco. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 1596–1597, 1968.
 26. Elmenhorst, H. Nachweis von Maltol in Cigarettenrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6: 70–73, 1971.
 27. Elmenhorst, H. Nachweis von Methylcyclopentenolon und Äthylcyclopentenolon im Cigarettenrauch und Latakiatabak. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6: 205–209, 1972.
 28. Elmenhorst, H., and G. Reckzeh. Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe im Tabakrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2: 180–204, 1964.
 29. Elmenhorst, H., and Ch. Schultz. Flüchtige Inhaltsstoffe des Tabakrauches, Die chemischen Bestandteile der Gas‐Dampf‐Phase. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 90–123, 1968.
 30. Feron, V. J. Respiratory tract tumors in hamsters after intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene alone and with furfural. Cancer Res. 32: 28–36, 1972.
 31. Ferri, E. S., and E. J. Baratta. Polonium‐210 in tobacco, cigarette smoke, and selected human organs. Public Health Rep. 81: 121–127, 1966.
 32. Gager, F. L. Jr., J. W. Nedlock, and W. J. Martin. Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke. I. Transfer of d‐glucose, sucrose, and their degradation products to the smoke. Carbohyd. Res. 17: 327–333, 1971.
 33. Gelpi, E., and J. Oro. Ubiquity of hydrocarbons in nature: gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric determination of the hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate. J. Chromatog. Sci. 8: 210–213, 1970.
 34. Gilbert, J. A. S., and A. J. Lindsey. The thermal decomposition of some tobacco constituents. Brit. J. Cancer 11: 398–402, 1957.
 35. Grimmer, G., A. Glaser, and G. Wilhelm. Die Bildung von Benzo(a)pyren und Benzo(e)pyren beim Erhitzen von Tabak in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in Luft‐ und Stickstoffatmosphäre. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 415–421, 1966.
 36. Grob, K. Zur Gaschromatographie des Cigarettenrauches, 2. Teil: Verfeinerte Trennung mit Hilfe von Kapillarkolonnen. Beitr. Tabakforsch 1: 315–323. 1962.
 37. Grunwald, C., D. L. Davis, and L. P. Bush. Cholesterol in cigarette smoke condensate. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19: 138–139, 1971.
 38. Guillerm, R., R. Badré, and B. Vignon. Effets inhibiteurs de la fumée de tabac sur l'activité ciliaire de l'épithélium respiratoire et nature des composants response. Bull. Acad. Nat. Med., Paris 145: 416–423, 1961.
 39. Guthrie, F. E. The nature and significance of pesticide residues on tobacco and in tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 229–246, 1968.
 40. Haagen‐Smit, A. J., M. F. Brunelle, and J. Hara. Nitrogen content of smokes from different types of tobacco. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 20: 399–400, 1959.
 41. Hengy, H., and J. Thirion. The determination of Malathion residues in tobacco smoke condensate. Beit. Tabakforsch. 5: 175–178, 1970.
 42. Herrmann, K. Über die phenolischen Inhaltsstoffe des Tabaks und des Tabakrauches. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2: 159–179, 1964.
 43. Hoegg, U. R. Cigarette smoke in closed spaces. Environ. Health Perspect. 2: 117–128, 1972.
 44. Hoffmann, D., and V. Mazzola. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XI. Dibenzofurans in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 183–188, 1970.
 45. Hoffmann, D., and G. Rathkamp. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. III. Primary and secondary nitroalkanes in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 124–134, 1968.
 46. Hoffmann, D., and G. Rathkamp. Quantitative determination of nitrobenzenes in cigarette smoke. Anal. Chem. 42: 1643–1647, 1970.
 47. Hoffmann, D., and G. Rathkamp. Quantitative determination of fluorenes in cigarette smoke and their formation by pyrosynthesis. Anal. Chem. 44: 899–905, 1972.
 48. Hoffmann, D., G. Rathkamp, S. Nesmow, and E. L. Wynder. Fluoranthenes: quantitative determination in cigarette smoke, formation by pyrolysis, and tumor‐initiating activity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 1165–1175, 1972.
 49. Hoffmann, D., G. Rathkamp, and E. L. Wynder. Comparison of the yields of several selected components in the smoke from different products. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 31: 627–637, 1963.
 50. Hoffmann, D., G. Rathkamp, and E. L. Wynder. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. IX. Quantitative analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 140–148, 1969.
 51. Hoffmann, D., and J. Rubin. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. I. The quantitative determination of indoles in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 409–414, 1966.
 52. Hoffmann, D., and H. Waziwodzki. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. IV. The quantitative determination of free nonvolatile fatty acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 167–175, 1968.
 53. Hoffmann, D., and E. L. Wynder. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XI. Tumor initiators, tumor accelerators, and tumor promoting activity of condensate fractions. Cancer, Philadelphia 27: 848–864, 1971.
 54. Holland, R. H., and A. R. Acevedo. Current status of arsenic in American cigarettes. Cancer, Philadelphia 19: 1248–1250, 1966.
 55. Holland, R. H., R. H. Wilson, A. R. Acevedo, M. S. McCall, D. A. Clark, and H. C. Lanz. A study of arsenic in regular‐sized unfiltered and filtered cigarettes. Cancer, Philadelphia 11: 1115–1118, 1958.
 56. Homburger, F., A. Treger, and E. Boger. Inhibition of murine subcutaneous and intravenous benzo(r,s,t)pentaphene‐carcinogenesis by sweet orange oils and d‐limonene. Oncology 25: 1–10, 1971.
 57. Jenkins, R. W., R. H. Newman, R. D. Carpenter, and T. S. Osdene. Cigarette smoke formation studies. I. Distribution and mainstream products from added 14C‐dotriacontane‐16, 17. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 295–298, 1970.
 58. Jenkins, R. W., R. H. Newman, and M. K. Chavis. Cigarette smoke formation studies. II. Smoke distribution and mainstream pyrolytic composition of added 14C‐menthol (U). Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 299–301, 1970.
 59. Johnson, D. E., and J. W. Rhoades. N‐nitrosamines in smoke condensate from several varieties of tobacco. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48: 1845–1847, 1972.
 60. Johnstone, R. A. W., and J. R. Plimmer. The chemical constituents of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chem. Rev. 59: 885–936, 1959.
 61. Kaburaki, Y., H. Shigematsu, and M. Kusakabe. Tabako no kemuri seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. X. Kemuri joki seibun ho ha tabako seibun no kankei (1). Nippon Sembai Kosha Chuo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 111: 135–142, 1969.
 62. Kallianos, A. G., F. A. Shelburne, R. E. Means, R. K. Stevens, R. E. Lax, and J. D. Mold. Identification of the d‐glucosides of stigmasterol, sitosterol and campesterol in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Biochem. J. 87: 596–600, 1963.
 63. Kaminski, E. J., J. C. Lazanas, L. L. Wolfson, C. E. Fancher, and J. C. Calandra. Fate of aflatoxins in cigarette tobacco. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 189–192, 1970.
 64. Kelley, T. F. Polonium‐210 content of mainstream cigarette smoke. Science 149: 537–538, 1965.
 65. Kroller, E. Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Nitrosaminen in Tabakrauch und Lebensmitteln. Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 63: 303–305, 1967.
 66. Lewis, G. P., W. J. Jusko, L. L. Coughlin, and S. Hartz. Contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man. Lancet 1: 291–292, 1972.
 67. Lindsey, A. J. The composition of cigarette smoke: studies on stubs and tips. Brit. J. Cancer 13: 195–199, 1959.
 68. Lindsey, A. J. Some observations upon the chemistry of tobacco smoke. In: Tobacco and Health, edited by G. James and T. Rosenthal. Springfield, III.: Thomas, 1962, chapt. 2, p. 21–32.
 69. Lucas, G. B., R. W. Pero, J. P. Snow, and D. Harvan. Analysis of tobacco for the Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19: 1274–1275, 1971.
 70. Masuda, Y., and D. Hoffmann. Quantitative determination of 1‐naphthylamine and 2‐napthylamine in cigarette smoke. Anal. Chem. 41: 650–652, 1969.
 71. Mold, J. D., and T. B. Walker. Isolation of TDE from cigarette smoke. Tobacco Sci. 1: 161–163, 1957.
 72. Mumpower, R. C., J. S. Lewis, and G. P. Touey. Determination of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke by gas chromatography. Tobacco chem. Res. Conf. 15, Philadelphia, Oct. 4‐6, 1961.
 73. Nadkarni, R. A., and W. D. Ehmann. Transference studies of trace elements from cigarette tobacco into smoke condensate, and their determination by neutron activation analysis. In: Proceedings of the Tobacco and Health Conference, Conference Report #2, February 24‐25, 1970. Lexington, Kentucky: Univ. of Kentucky, Tobacco and Health Research, 1970, p. 37–45.
 74. Nandi, M., J. Hershel, D. Slone, S. Shapiro, and G. P. Lewis. Cadmium content of cigarettes. Lancet 2: 1329–1330, 1969.
 75. Nesemann, E., R. Schroeder, and F. Seehofer. Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektiziden in Tabak und Tabakrauch. I. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung von Organo‐Chlor‐Insektiziden. Beitr. Tabakforsch 4: 182–188, 1968.
 76. Neurath, G. Zur Frage des Vorkommens von N‐Nitroso‐Verbindungen im Tabakrauch. Experientia 23: 400–404, 1967.
 77. Neurath, G. Tobacco products and smoke (General report). Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 1–17, 1967.
 78. Neurath, G. Stickstoffverbindungen des Tabakrauches. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 115–133, 1969.
 79. Neurath, G. B. Nitrosamine formation from precursors in tobacco smoke. In: N‐Nitroso Compounds‐Analysis and Formation, edited by P. Bogovski, R. Preussman, and E. A. Walker. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972, p. 134–136. (Scientific Publication No. 3).
 80. Neurath, G. B. Recent advances in knowledge of the chemical composition of tobacco smoke. In: The Chemistry of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, edited by I. Schmeltz. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke held during the 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D. C., September 12‐17, 1971. New York: Plenum Press, 1972, p. 77–79.
 81. Neurath, G., and M. Dünger. Isolierung schwach basischer Heteroaromaten aus dem Tabakrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 1–4, 1969.
 82. Neurath, G., M. Dünger, J. Gewe, W. Lüttich, and H. Wichern. Untersuchungen der flüchtigen Basen des Tabakrauches. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 563–569, 1966.
 83. Neurath, G., H. Ehmke, and H. Horstmann. Einfluss des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes von Cigaretten auf die Zusammensetzung des Rauches. III. Beitr. Tabakforsch 2: 361–369, 1964.
 84. Neurath, G., J. Gewe, and H. Wichern. Über das Vorkommen von Benzofuranen im Tabakrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 247–249, 1968.
 85. Neurath, G., J. Gewe, and H. Wichern. Über das Vorkommen von Hydroaromaten im Tabakrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch 4: 250–252, 1968.
 86. Neurath, G., and H. Horstmann. Einfluss des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes von Cigaretten auf die Zusammensetzung des Rauches und die Glutzonentemperatur. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2: 93–100, 1963.
 87. Neurath, G., B. Pirmann, W. Lüttich, and H. Wichern. Zur Frage der N‐Nitroso‐Verbindungen im Tabakrauch. II. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 251–262, 1965.
 88. Nikolova, M. E. Radioaktivnyi faktor tatachnogo dyma. Gigiena i Sanit. 35: 89–93, 1970.
 89. Norman, V., and C. H. Keith. Nitrogen oxides in tobacco smoke. Nature 205: 915–916, 1965.
 90. Oakley, E. T., L. Weissbecker, and F. E. Resnik. Gas Chromatographic determination of formic and acetic acids in cigarette smoke. Anal. Chem. 37: 380–382, 1965.
 91. Obi, Y., M. Muramatsu, and Y. Shimada. Evaluation of tobacco quality from pyrolytic aspects. VII. Relationship between chemical constituents of tobacco leaves and gaseous constituents of cigarette smoke. Agr. Biol. Chem. 34: 1220–1223, 1970.
 92. Papavassiliou, J., G. Piperakis, and U. Marcelou‐Kinti. Mycological flora of cigarettes. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 44: 117–120, 1971.
 93. Pascasio, F., G. Sforzolini, and A. Savino. Catrame e nicotina nella porzione aspirata e nella porzione ambientale del fumo di vari tipi di sigarette. Ann. Sanitá Pubbl. Rome 27: 971–978, 1966.
 94. Pattee, H. E. Production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus cultured on flue‐cured tobacco. Appl. Microbiol. 18: 952–953, 1969.
 95. Phillippe, R. J., and E. J. Hackney. The presence of nitrous oxide and methyl nitrite in cigarette smoke and tobacco pyrolysis gases. Tobacco Sci. 3: 139–143, 1959.
 96. Poindexter, E. H., Jr., and R. D. Carpenter. The isolation of harman and norharman from tobacco and cigarette smoke. Phytochemistry 1: 215–221, 1962.
 97. Radford, E. P., Jr., and A. R. Hunt. Polonium‐210: a volatile radioelement in cigarettes. Science 143: 247–249, 1964.
 98. Rathkamp, G., and D. Hoffmann. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XIII. Inhibition of the pyrosynthesis of several selective smoke constituents. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5: 302–306, 1970.
 99. Robb, E. W., W. R. Johnson, J. J. Westbrook, and R. B. Seligman. Model pyrolysis‐the study of cellulose. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 597–604, 1966.
 100. Schievelbein, H. Gesundheitsrisiko beim Rauchen von Menthol‐Zigaretten? Münch. Med. Wochschr. 111: 2457, 1969.
 101. Schievelbein, H., E. Werle, E. K. Schultz, and R. Baumeister. The influence of tobacco smoke and nicotine on thiocyanate metabolism. Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 262: 358–365, 1969.
 102. Schlotzhauer, W. S., and I. Schmeltz. Pyrogenesis of aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke. I. Role of the hexane soluble fraction of tobacco. Beitr. Tabakforsch 4: 176–181, 1968.
 103. Schlotzhauer, W. S., I. Schmeltz, and S. F. Osman. Evidence for the origin of monoalkenes in cigarette smoke (Letter). Chem. Ind., London 43: 1677–1873, 1970.
 104. Schmeltz, I., W. S. Schlotzhauer, and E. G. Higman. Characteristic products from pyrolysis of nitrogenous organic substances. Beitr. Tabakforsch 6: 134–138, 1972.
 105. Seehofer, F., D. Hanszen, and R. Schroder. Über zug‐weises Abrauchen und Pro‐Zug‐Analysen. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 135–150, 1965.
 106. Serfontein, W. J., and P. Hurter. Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens. II. Evidence for the presence of nitrosamines in tobacco smoke condensate. Cancer Res. 26: 575–579, 1966.
 107. Smith, G. A. L., and P. J. Sullivan. Determination of the steam‐volatile phenols present in cigarette‐smoke condensate. II. Determination of phenol, the cresols and guaicol by thin‐layer chromatography. Analyst 89: 312–318, 1964.
 108. Smith, G. A. L., P. J. Sullivan, and W. J. Irvine. The determination of the oxidizable nitrogen oxides present in cigarette smoke. Analyst 92: 456–462, 1967.
 109. Snow, J. P., G. B. Lucas, D. Harvan, R. W. Pero, and R. G. Owens. Analysis of tobacco and smoke condensate for penicillic acid. Appl. Microbiol. 24: 34–36, 1972.
 110. Spincer, D., and B. C. Chard. The determination of formaldehyde in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 6: 74–78, 1971.
 111. Stedman, R. L. The chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chem. Rev. 68: 153–207, 1968.
 112. Stedman, R. L., D. Burdick, and I. Schmeltz. Composition studies on tobacco. XVII. Steam‐volatile acidic fraction of cigarette smoke. Tobacco Sci. 7: 166–169, 1963.
 113. Steinberg, R. A., and R. N. Jeffrey. Effect of micronutrient deficiencies on nicotine formation by tobacco in water‐culture. Plant Physiol. 31: 377–382, 1956.
 114. Stewart, R. D., J. E. Peterson, E. D. Baretta, R. T. Bachand, M. J. Hosko, and A. A. Herrmann. Experimental human exposure to carbon monoxide. Arch. Environ. Health 21: 154–164, 1970.
 115. Szadkowski, E., H. Schultze, H.‐H. Schaller, and G. Lehnert. Zur ökologischen Bedeutung des Schwermetallgehaltes von Zigaretten, Blei, Cadmium‐ und Nickelanalysen des Tabaks sowie der Gas‐ und Partikelphase. Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. 153: 1–8, 1969.
 116. Terrell, J. H., and I. Schmeltz. Cigarettes: chemical effects of sodium nitrate content. Science 160: 1456, 1968.
 117. Tso, T. C., and T. Sorokin. Examination of aflatoxin B1 in leaf tobacco and in cigarette smoke condensate. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 4: 18–20, 1967.
 118. Truhaut, R., M. de Clercq, and F. Loisillier. Sur les toxicités aiguë et chronique de la cotinine, et sur son effet cancérigène chez le rat. Pathol. Biol. 12: 39–49, 1964.
 119. U. S. Public Health Service. The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington: HEW, (Pub. No. HMS 72‐7516), 1972, p. 1–158.
 120. Unterhalt, B., and U. Pindur. Zum Cadmiumgehalt von Tabak. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und For‐schung 150: 99–100, 1972.
 121. Van Duuren, B. L., J. A. Bilbao, and C. A. Joseph. The carcinogenic nitrogen heterocyclic in cigarette smoke condensate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 25: 53–61, 1960.
 122. Van Duuren, B. L. Tumor‐promoting agents in two‐stage carcinogenesis. In: Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, edited by F. Homburger. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, p. 31–68.
 123. Waltz, P., M. Hausermann, and A. Krull. Methoden der quantitativen Bestimmung des Brenzcatechins im Cigarettenrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 263–277, 1965.
 124. Watanabe, R., W. J. McIlrath, J. Skok, W. Chorney, and S. H. Wender. Accumulation of scopoletin in boron‐deficient tobacco leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 94: 241–243, 1961.
 125. Weber, K. H. Questions and Answers: tar and nicotine in German cigarettes. Prev. Med. 1: 446–450, 1972.
 126. Welty, R. E., and G. B. Lucas. Fungi isolated from damaged flue‐cured tobacco. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 851–854, 1968.
 127. Welty, R. E., G. B. Lucas, J. T. Fletcher, and H. Yang. Fungi isolated from tobacco leaves and brown spot lesions before and after flue curing Appl. Microbiol. 16: 1309–1313, 1968.
 128. Williamson, J. T., J. F. Graham, and D. R. Allman. The modification of cigarette smoke by filter tips. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3: 233–242, 1965.
 129. Wynder, E. L., and D. Hoffman (editors)., Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: studies in experimental carcinogenesis. New York: Academic, 1967, p. 1–730.
 130. Wynder, E. L., and D. Hoffmann. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VIII. The role of the acidic fraction as promoters. Cancer 14: 1306–1315, 1961.
 131. Yang, C.‐H., Y. Nakagawa, and S. H. Wender. Scopoletin in commercial tobacco products. Tobacco Sci. 2: 111–114, 1958.

Contact Editor

Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.

* Required Field

How to Cite

Hans L. Falk. Chemical Agents in Cigarette Smoke. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents: 199-211. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp090113