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Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals

Robert M. Hollingworth

10.1002/cphy.cp090128

Source: Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents

Originally published: 1977

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 Transferase Reactions
2 Individual Conjugation Mechanisms
2.1 Glycosidation
2.2 Sulfation
2.3 Methylation
2.4 Acylation
2.5 Amino Acid Conjugation
2.6 Glutathione Conjugation
3 Factors Influencing Conjugation
3.1 Age Differences
3.2 Sex Differences
3.3 Species Variation
3.4 Subspecific Variation
3.5 Route of Exposure
3.6 Dosage Level
3.7 Environmental Factors
4 Significance of Conjugation
Figure 1. Figure 1.

Two‐step sequence of metabolism of xenobiotics.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Major route for biosynthesis of glucuronides.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Biosynthesis of sulfate esters.
Figure 4. Figure 4.

Utilization of S‐adenosylmethionine as methyl donor.
Figure 5. Figure 5.

Acetylation using acetyl coenzyme A as donor.
Figure 6. Figure 6.

Amino acid conjugation of carboxylic xenobiotics through their acyl coenzyme A derivatives.
Figure 7. Figure 7.

Glutathione conjugation, A, and the subsequent conversion of the glutathione conjugate to a mercapturic acid, B.
Figure 8. Figure 8.

Formation of premercapturic and mercapturic acids from aromatic hydrocarbons through glutathione conjugation.


Figure 1.

Two‐step sequence of metabolism of xenobiotics.



Figure 2.

Major route for biosynthesis of glucuronides.



Figure 3.

Biosynthesis of sulfate esters.



Figure 4.

Utilization of S‐adenosylmethionine as methyl donor.



Figure 5.

Acetylation using acetyl coenzyme A as donor.



Figure 6.

Amino acid conjugation of carboxylic xenobiotics through their acyl coenzyme A derivatives.



Figure 7.

Glutathione conjugation, A, and the subsequent conversion of the glutathione conjugate to a mercapturic acid, B.



Figure 8.

Formation of premercapturic and mercapturic acids from aromatic hydrocarbons through glutathione conjugation.

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Article Title: Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals
 

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Robert M. Hollingworth. Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents: 455-468. First published in print 1977. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp090128