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Influence of Exercise on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Michael J. Rennie

10.1002/cphy.cp120122

Source: Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems

Originally published: 1996

Published online: January 2011

Full Article on Wiley Online Library



Abstract

The sections in this article are:

1 General Aspects of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism in Muscle
1.1 Amino Acid Transport and the Free Amino Acid Pool
1.2 Outline of the Metabolism of Amino Acids in Muscle in Relation to Exercise
1.3 Interrelationship of BCAA, Alanine, and Glutamine Metabolism
1.4 The Purine Nucleotide Cycle in Muscle
1.5 Amino Acid Catabolism and Gluconeogenesis from Amino Acids in Liver and Kidney
1.6 Training Effects on the Capacities of Muscle Enzymes of Amino Acid Metabolism
1.7 The Effects of Contractile Activity on Ammonia Production and its Relation to the Free Amino Acid Pool
1.8 Alterations of Muscle and Blood Amino Acid Concentrations during Exercise
1.9 Production and Consumption of Amino Acids by Muscle during Exercise
1.10 Effects of Training on Amino Acid Metabolism during Exercise
1.11 Interrelationships between Working Muscle and the Viscera during Exercise
2 Protein Turnover During Exercise
2.1 Effects of Acute Contractile Activity on Protein Turnover
2.2 Postexercise Alterations in Muscle Protein Synthesis
2.3 Effects of Habitual Exercise on Whole‐Body Protein Turnover
2.4 Effects of Immobilization and Disuse
2.5 Collagen Turnover in Muscle
2.6 Physical Activity and Protein Requirements
2.7 Outstanding Questions
Figure 1. Figure 1.

General scheme of protein and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle.
Figure 2. Figure 2.

Intermediary metabolism of amino acids in skeletal muscle. Reaction steps referred to are as follows: 1, alanine aminotransferase; 2, leucine decarboxylation and catabolism to acetoacetate; 3, branched chain aminotransferase; 4, glutamine transaminase; 5, ω‐amidase; 6, glutaminase; 7, glutamine synthetase; 8, glutamate dehydrogenase; 9, valine and isoleucine catabolism to succinate via BCKA dehydrogenase; 10, aminotransferase; 11, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; 12, AMP deaminase.
Figure 3. Figure 3.

Amino acid catabolism illustrated by CO2 production from branched chain amino acids, ammonia production, and blood urea concentration. Notice that ammonia production and CO2 production at high levels of exercise show a different pattern, suggesting that the processes are not necessarily linked at high exercise intensity. Notice also that urea production is only marked after long periods of exercise, presumably when glycogen stores are low.


Figure 1.

General scheme of protein and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle.



Figure 2.

Intermediary metabolism of amino acids in skeletal muscle. Reaction steps referred to are as follows: 1, alanine aminotransferase; 2, leucine decarboxylation and catabolism to acetoacetate; 3, branched chain aminotransferase; 4, glutamine transaminase; 5, ω‐amidase; 6, glutaminase; 7, glutamine synthetase; 8, glutamate dehydrogenase; 9, valine and isoleucine catabolism to succinate via BCKA dehydrogenase; 10, aminotransferase; 11, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; 12, AMP deaminase.



Figure 3.

Amino acid catabolism illustrated by CO2 production from branched chain amino acids, ammonia production, and blood urea concentration. Notice that ammonia production and CO2 production at high levels of exercise show a different pattern, suggesting that the processes are not necessarily linked at high exercise intensity. Notice also that urea production is only marked after long periods of exercise, presumably when glycogen stores are low.

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Article Title: Influence of Exercise on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
 

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Michael J. Rennie. Influence of Exercise on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 29: Handbook of Physiology, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems: 995-1035. First published in print 1996. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp120122